Government Intervention Essay Example for Free

Government Intervention EssayDiscuss the case for and against regimen interpolation in an economy. In most of the countries, the political sympathies has intervened in the marketplace system. To some extent there is a dire need of government intervention in the market system, although there is a debate over this point among the economists. Many economists believe that the role of government intervention improves the market system. The government advise easily enforce the rules that can help in the smooth functioning of the market system. On the other hand, there are economists who believe that government interventions in a market system are the reason of inefficiency in the system.There are some goods that underprovided and underconsumed. Such goods are cold merit goods. They can be defined in terms of their externality do and also in terms of informational problems facing the consumer. A merit good is a product that bon ton values and judges that everyone should let rega rdless of whether an individual wants them. In this sense, the government is procedureing patern completelyy in providing merit goods and services. They believe that individuals may not act in their own best interest in part because of imperfect information about the benefits that can be derived.Good examples of merit goods allow health services, education, and induce training programmes. Why does the government provide merit goods and services? * To encourage inhalation so that some of the positive externalities associated with merit goods can be achieved * To overcome the information strokes linked to merit goods, not least when the longer-term private benefit of consumption is greater than the shorter-term benefit of consumption * On grounds of impartiality because the government believes that consumption should not be based solely on the grounds of ability to pay for a good or service breeding is an example of a merit good.Education should provide a number of external benefits that might not be taken into account by the vacate market. These include rising incomes and productivity for current and future generations an increase in the occupational mobility of the labour force which should help to reduce unemployment and therefore reduce eudaemonia sp destroying. However, there are some goods which are thought to be bad for you. They are cold error goods. Examples include the costs arising from consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs together with the tender effects of addiction to gambling. The consumption of demerit goods can lead to banish externalities.The government seeks to reduce consumption of demerit goods. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities that these goods create they have imperfect information about long-term cost to their own health. The government may decide to intervene in the market for demerit goods and impose taxes on producers and / or consumers. Higher taxes cause prices to rise and should lead to a fall in demand. However high taxes increase unemployment because firms may relocate abroad increases cost of production for firms making the less competitive to firms in another countries where no tax is applied.But many economists argue that taxation is an unavailing and inequit equal federal agency of curbing the consumption of drugs and gambling particularly for those affected by addiction. Banning consumption through regulation may reduce demand, simply risks creating secondary (illegal) or underground markets in the product. Market failure with demerit goods the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption because the social cost is less then private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of overpowering products deemed to be demerit goods.The social optimal level of consumption would be Q3 the output that takes into account the information failure of consumers and also the n egative externalities. One way to solve this problem is to try to remove the information failure. Information deficits can often lead to a misallocation of resources and hence the possibility of market failure. Information failure occurs when people have inaccurate, incomplete, un authorized or misunderstood data and so make potentially wrong choices.Government action can have a role in improving information to help consumers and producers value the true cost and/or benefit of a good or service. Examples might include * Compulsory labeling on cigarette packages with health warnings to reduce smoking * Improved nutritional information on foods to counter the risks of growing obesity * Anti swiftness television advertising to reduce road accidents and advertising campaigns to raise awareness of the risks of drink-driving * Advertising health screening programmes / information campaigns on the dangers of addiction Another dvantage of government intervention is the national stripped w age.The national minimum wage was introduced into the UK in 1999. It is an intervention in the labour market knowing to increase the pay of lower-paid workers and thereby influence the distribution of income in society. In October 2005, the value of the minimum wage for adults was ? 5. 05 following a series of small increases over recent years. The main repoints of the minimum wage 1. The equity justification That every job should offer a fair rate of pay commensurate with the skills and experience of an employee 2.Labour market incentives The NMW is designed to improve the incentives for people to start looking for work thereby boosting the economys available labour tote up 3. Labour market discrimination The NMW is a tool designed to offset some of the effects of persistent discrimination of many low-paid female workers and younger employees A diagram showing the possible effects of a minimum wage is shown above. The market equilibrium wage for this particular labour market is at W1 (where demand = supply).If the minimum wage is set at Wmin, there will be an excess supply of labour equal to E3 E2 because the supply of labour will expand (more workers will be willing and able to offer themselves for work at the higher wage than before) but there is a risk that the demand for workers from employers (businesses) will contract if the minimum wage is introduced. Although all political parties are now committed to keeping the minimum wage, there are still plenty of economists who believe that setting a pay beautify represents a distortion to the way the labour market works because it reduces the flexibility of the labour market 1.Competitiveness and Jobs Firstly a minimum wage may cost jobs because a rise in labour costs makes it more expensive to employ people and higher labour costs might damage the international competitiveness of British producers. To the extent that rising unemployment worsens the living standards of those affected it has a negative i mpact on want. 2. Effect on relative poverty Is the minimum wage the most effective policy to reduce relative poverty? There is evidence that it tends to boost the incomes of middle-income households where more than one household particle is lready in work whereas the greatest risk of relative poverty is among the unemployed, elderly and single parent families where the parent is not employed.Government intervenes to stabilise farmers income and reduce price fluctuations using polisher stock schemes. The prices of agricultural products tend to fluctuate more violently than the price of manufactured products and services. This is largely due to the volatility in the supply of agricultural products coupled with the fact that demand and supply are price inelastic.Buffer stock schemes seek to stabilise the market price of agricultural products by buying up supplies of the product when harvests are plentiful and selling stocks of the product onto the market when supplies are low. The supply curves S1 and S2 represent the supply of wheat at the end of two different seasons. Supply is perfectly inelastic since farmers cannot change the quantity supplied onto the market post harvest. The organisation wishes to keep price fluctuations within a certain band it will not allow the price of the product to rise above P max or to fall below P min. expunge that in one particular year there is a bumper harvest so that S1 is supplied onto the market. In absence of any intervention the market price would roll below P min, so the organisation buys up AB of the product to increase the market price up to P min. In the next year bad weather may result in a poor harvest so that only S2 is supplied. The market price would rise above the upper limit permitted by the organisation, so the organisation sells CD of its stocks onto the market to reduce the price to P max. In contrast buffer stocks do not often work well in practice.Perishable items can not be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. Also education or healh sphere can suffer. The economists have a mixed view about the importance and effects of government intervention in the market system, it can be said that government interventions should aim at working with the market system that is already existing rather than implementing policies that make great changes.If the government intervention is such that it introduces inefficiencies greater than rationalizing the entire market system, there is a threat of damaging the economy. The distorted government intervention can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and higher costs. Most of the economists are of the view that government interventions should be facilitating in nature rather than having a direct control over the market.

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast Essay Example for Free

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast EssayCompare the ways on which deuce poems from this section stock powerful pictures of life in the trenches.Both of the poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast try to convey a message that is the futility and horror of the war. The Dug-Out shows the horror of the war by accentuating the worry of wipeout in the poem. However, Breakfast transfers the meaning of triviality by describing the hardship in the breakfast time in the trenches.The Dug-Out is written as a single stanza with fair structure and sentence. The poet has chosen this structure to convey striking imagery and therefore to reflect the reality of the war. The poem begins with the adverb why to intrigue the reader and also creates a sense of uneasiness with record books ungainly huddled. The poet chooses to use the metaphor of a candle to portray the solders dying as the burning out of a candle. The beginning rhyme guttering currency emphasizes the candle imagery a nd also shares the pain with the reader.You wonder why is in communicative voice shows the rejection shake offting a sense of hopeless. The last two lines are in italic and this highlights its importance. The metaphor of fall a quiescence for ever symbolizes the death and this reminds the poet of the other inanimates. The emotive language such as sullen, drowsy states the event that these soldiers are bordering on insanity as the fear of death has scarred them mentally. Sassoons view therefore becomes clear, that death has become as commonplace as sleep and war creates fear especially the fear of death for every soldier in any mundane condition.The title of the poem Breakfast has been chosen to put a sense of ordinarily and triviality. Gibson chooses to use a simple verse on Breakfast as well as The Dug-out. The poem begins a simple statement we ate our breakfast lying on our backs. This straightforward account creates a sense of immediacy and also it begins with a second pers on narrative we to include the reader. Gibson chooses to use imagery of everyday life to represent the terror and horror of the war. In a betting of a rugby game, Ginger is dead because he raised his head.The killing of person in a betting during the breakfast time clearly illustrates the dreadfulness of the life in trenches. The effect of channel is emphasized by the semi-colon this demonstrates action more dramatic. The poem begins and ends with the same lines emphasizes that war is in everyday life just as the alimentation of breakfast and the bombard are also linked. Unlike The Dug-Out, there is no melancholy or emotive language in the poem whereas Giblson frequently use the simple word and slang to create a matter-of-fact tone and this generates a more horrific feeling upon the reader.Both poems portray the horror and fear of the war and make their point that war is futile by conveying powerful imagery in trenches. Both of them use the simple stanza and structure to expres s the feeling of fear and the sense of immediacy in trenches. The Dug-Out is set in a mood of melancholy by using the pathos language such as the guttering gold candle and describing the dankness that is surrounded with. Nevertheless, Breakfast achieves the same level of horror only by simple language as Gibson cleverly connects the war to the eating of breakfast and therefore emphasizes his idea of triviality and fultility.

Reflection on growth of competency in Clinical Skill

Reflection on growth of competency in Clinical readinessFor this essay I am going to glitter upon a clinical skill I prevail become competent in during my training. I bequeath use a reflective model to discuss how I undertook the skill. I go forth also discuss the rational and research behind the skill. The model of facial expression I have chosen is Gibbs (Siviter, 2004). The Gibbs model of reflection allows the skill to be critically analysed. This is achieved by using the following sub headings description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action visualise (Siviter, 2004).The skill that I will reflect on in this essay is the organisation of an intramuscular Injection (IM). An IM is an dead reckoning deep into a muscle (Dougherty Lister, 2008). This street is often chosen for its quick absorption rate and often medication can non be given via other routes. The reason I have chosen to reflect on this skill is because I have had many opportunities to perfo rm this skill, and at my current practice placement this is the most comm all used method of do drugs administration. I have undertook many IMs at this placement but I am going to reflect on the first one I undertook which was the administration of Hydroxocobalamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (BNF, 2007)DescriptionDuring a morning clinic with the practice nurse, I was asked if I would like to circularize an IM on the next uncomplaining, which was a 26 year old lady who has been suffering from crohns disease which can cause B12 deficiency due to lack of vitamin and mineral absorption (NACC, 2007). I agreed and she soon went through with me how to do an IM as it had been a while since I had last done one. I called the patient in and asked her to sit down. The patient had come in for her first injection of B12. I chatted to the patient asking her how she was and if she had any concerns. I then gained consent asking her if it was ok for me as a student to administer it under the su pervision of the practice nurse. The patient responded with you have got to learn I then prepared the equipment which included two needles, a sharps box, a piece of gauze bandage and the medication. I checked the prescription with the practice nurse, and then checked the ampoule against the prescription. I then drew up the medication with one needle disposing of it in the sharps box and attached the other needle. I then proceeded to administer the medication, after completing the cognitive operation I disposed of the needle in the sharps box and authenticated it in the patients notes. afterwards the patient had left the nurse explained to me I had done it all oppose except I had gone in too removed so if the needle broke it would be hard to get it out and that I didnt aspirate to check if I had gone into a vein.Thoughts and feelingsAfter I was asked if I wanted to do the IM I felt very anxious as it had been more than 6 months since the last time I had administered one. But sh e explained the procedure to me which relieved some of my anxiety. When I first met the patient I was feeling allot more nervous as the patient was roughly my age and I havent had much experience of caring for the younger person. After the procedure when I was told I was wrong for not aspirating I felt annoyed as I was sure I had read that aspirating was no longer necessary.EvaluationOverall I feel that the clinical skill went well as a whole. I followed the instructions from my mentor and what the research has suggested other than feeling a little anxious I performed the skill confidently and the right way. What I feel was bad more or less the experience is with my communication, which reflecting on I believe was lacking. I communicated with the patient prior to the skill and after the skill, but during I felt I almost forgot in that location was a patient on the end of the needle. I was so focused on getting the skill right and not causing any irritation I didnt talk to the pa tient throughout the whole thing. Another point that I feel was bad is, I forgot to wear an apron. My mentor never mentioned anything closely this although I do feel I should have worn one as its an aseptic technique and its part of the (DOH, 2006) guidelines.AnalysisThe reason why an IM injection was chosen is because B12 can only be administered via IM (BNF, 2007). I gained informed consent off the patient as this is part the NMC guidelines. (NMC, 2008) As patients have the right to pin treatment. After gaining consent, I then checked the medication against the patients chart to ascertain the following Drug, Dose, date, route, the validity of the prescription and the doctors signature. This is done to make sure the patient receives the correct drug and dose (NMC, 2008) I then washed my hands using Ayliffes six step technique to reduce the risk of infection and put gloves on as part of DOH 2007 Guidelines . The turn up that I chose was the mid deltoid site. Hunt (2008) Suggests that this is the best site to use as its easy to access whether the patient is sitting, standing or lying down, it also has the advantage of being away from major nerves and blood vessels. Although Roger (2000) states that only 2ml at most can be injected into the deltoid. I was able to proceed with this site as B12 comes in a 1ml dose (BNF, 2007). I asked her if she would prefer to sit or lie down, she said she sooner sit, this was ok with me as I am not very tall and set in motion this a comfortable position for me. As the patient was wearing a short sleeve top I asked her to move it up slightly instead of removing it thus allowing her to maintain her privacy and dignity. I then assessed the injection site for suitability checking for any signs of infection, oedema or lesions. This is done to promote the effectiveness of administration and reduce the risk of cross infection (Woorkman, 1999). Holding the needle at a 90 degree angle it is quickly pushed into the muscle. Workman 199 9 says this ensures good muscle penetration. I inserted the needle leaving approximately 1/2cm exposed as Workman, (1999) says this makes removing it easier should it break off. At this point I decided not to aspirate as per research (DOH, 2006). After inserting the needle I allowed it to remain there for 10 seconds. As Woorkman (1999) suggest that leaving in situ for 10 seconds allows the medication to diffuse into the tissues. After 10 seconds had past I swiftly removed the needle and utilize pressure according to Dougherty Lister (2008) this helps baffle the formation of a haematoma. Immediately after carrying out the skill I disposed of the needle into a severe sharps container. To ensure health and safety is maintained and the used sharps dont present a danger to me or other staff members as stated by MRHA (2004). After the procedure I documented it within the patients notes as per NMC guidelines and to provide a point of reference if there ever was a query regarding the tr eatment and to prevent duplicate administration (NMC, Guide lines for records and record keeping, 2005). After the skill I discussed with my mentor that recent evidence suggest that aspirating is unnecessary. According to Workman (1999) the reason for aspirating is to assure that the needle is in the correct position and to make sure that it has not gone into a vein. The most recent and up to date evidence, says that aspiration is only necessary if using the dorsoglutealsite to check for gluteal artery entry (Hunter, 2008). But official guidance from the World wellness Organisation and the Department of Health (DOH, 2006) (WHO, 2004) suggest that this site should no longer be used, thus making aspiration unnecessary. By not aspirating it makes the procedure simpler and less chance of adverse events. moreover pharmaceutical companies are making less caustic preparations and in smaller volumes. I discussed this with my mentor and she agreed but stated that it is PCT policy to aspirat e, and she would have to continue to follow this practice until the policy was amended.ConclusionUsing the Gibbs model of reflection has allowed me to thoroughly analyse the event and allowed me to explore my feelings. I have found out despite the evidence being constantly up to date that not all practitioners knowledge is as up to date, and that trusts are equally as slow to adopt new ideas within their policies and that nurses are governed by policy more than current research. I have also learned that there is a great deal of evidence behind such what on the outside seems to be a simple technique and what I thought I was doing correctly may not always be the case.Action planI do not doubt I will be carrying out IMs for a long time in my career. I will not be doing much differently in the future as the evidence is underpinning my practice. I will not put the needle in as far as I did on this occasion. In the future I will continue not to aspirate, unless local policy indicates othe rwise. In addition I will communicate with the patient throughout the entire skill and not just at the skip over and end of. Whats more from this event I have realised that learning never stops and what I know now may not be relevant tomorrow.

Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Analysis

intent Performance Evaluation by gain honor compend realise Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Analysis A Case StudyAbstract- Earned Value focus (EVM) is a well-known final cause management tool that uses information on comprise, account and clip doing to track the current status of the bedevil. It uses information on be, enrolment and act upon executing to establish the current status of the hold. The figuring of acquire nurture is a very effective tool in measuring the progress of contractors in outer projects. Computation of earned protect brush aside be part of an audit natural action, or it thunder mug be integrated into the progress monitoring system. The concept of earned value is generally employ in the context of fixed price contracts where the objective is to calculate the amount of payment that is due to the contractor.Keywords- Project Performance Evaluation, Earned Value, follow Control, forecastingINTRODUCTIONEarned value analysis is a pro ject control technique which provides terms and schedule performance barroomments of the project. It is a a great deal used method of performance measurement for projects. It integrates the project scope baseline and the address baseline, along with the schedule baseline, to form the performance baseline, which helps the project management aggroup assess and measure project performance and progress. EVM provides project managers and the organization with triggers or early warning signals that allow them to take timely actions in response to indicators of brusk performance and enhance the opportunities for project success. Better planning and resource allocation associated with the early periods of a project might be the cause of this reliability.EVM IN construction imageSEVM can be used for progress payments to contractors based on the earned value (EV) of contracted or outsourced work. Since such contractual arrangements create legal and financial obligations, it is import ant to consider the method specified for evaluating progress. These methods and tools for the determination of progress should be carefully considered and negotiated to achieve a fair and equitable environment that encourages successful ope symmetryn of contracted or outsourced project items.Once a project has advanced to a stage of performance, the consistent and constant flow of information on the honest status of the project is essential. EVM is a methodology that associates project scope, schedule, and resource measurements to take apart project performance and progress. The fundamental principle of EVM is that the patterns and tr overthrows of performance, when compared against a soundly developed baseline, can be excellent predictors of the in store(predicate) project performance. Feedback is critical to the success of any project. Getting the relevant feedback in time enables project managers to identify problems early and acquire adjustments that keeps a project on time and on budget. EVM is considered by many to be one of the most effective performance measurement and feedback tools for managing construction projects.In EVM system, the three parameters that influence the project performance control arePlanned Value (PV)Planned value (PV) is the sanctioned budget assigned to a plan work. It may also be known as the Budgeted live for Work Scheduled (BCWS). This budget is allocated by phases over the life of the project, but at a given moment, plotted value outlines the physical work that should have been accomplished. The overall PV is sometimes referred to as the performance measurement baseline (PMB). The total planned value for the project is also known as budget at completion (BAC) 1.Earned Value (EV)Earned value (EV) is the measure of work performed at a specific point in time, expressed in terms of the authorized budget for that work. The EV being measured needs to be related to the PMB, and it cannot be greater than the authorized PV budge t for a component. The EV is often used to calculate the percentage completion of a project. Progress evaluation criteria should be set up for each work breakdown structure (WBS) component to measure work in progress. The earned value methodology used to plan the baseline should be used consistently to determine the earned value. Project managers monitor EV, both incrementally to determine current status and cumulatively to determine the long-term performance trends 2, 1. essential Cost (AC)Actual approach (AC) is the realized cost incurred for the work performed during a specific time period. It is the total cost incurred in achieving the work that the EV measured. In order for EVM analysis to be reliable, AC must be recorded in the same time period as EV and for the same activity or work breakdown structure component as EV. Fig. 1 shows the actual cost at time now, and indicates that the organization has spent to a greater extent than it planned to spend in order to achieve the work performed to date.Fig. 1 Earned Value curve for a project over budget and piece of ass scheduleLITERATURE REVIEWPrevious researches done on the EVM indicate that it is definitely one of the better practice to monitor a project. Therefore in this project we will be considering Earned Value Analysis for research purpose.Pramod M et al. (2014), recognise that the absence of an effective system for monitoring and controlling project cost is the main reason for cost escalation and delays in the project. Their study considers Earned Value analysis and Earned Schedule concept as the two monitoring systems which can be used to monitor a construction project. The study was done on a residential apartment in Bangalore. They concluded their research by saying, Earned Value Analysis is a great monitoring system for project cost control when the required information are cost orientated 3.Jose Angelo Valle and Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares (2012), did a critical review of the application o f EVA for the Amusement Park named Monica Park in Brazil, which was is documented with reports, graphs, analyses and comments. EVA had a relevant role in the integrated management of the project scope, time, progress, cost and risks and the procurement. Because of the implementation of EVA, the project finished on time and on budget. The findings of the case study are analysed and concluded with 10 recommended steps for future implementation of the EVA process 4.Antony Prasanth M A and K Thirumalai Raja (2014), selected Integrated housing and slum development program (IHSDP) located in Mattampuram, Thrissur, Kerala, for case study. Budgeted cost of work performed was compared against actual cost of work performed and budgeted cost of work scheduled to assess cost and schedule variances, respectively. Based on the collected data, schedule of the project and cost for individual activities had prepared. It gave an idea of cost and time required for individual activities and for the ent ire construction. S-Curve was drawn showing the relationship between duration and cost of the project. From the calculation of various project performance indicators, they arrived at conclusion that the project has an unfavourable schedule variance of 9.5 which meant the project was behind schedule. A SPI of .62 and a CPI of 0.82 was obtained. EAC of 411.20 lakhs was obtained which is 74.02 lakhs more than the BAC at 337.18 lakhs 5.EVM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING PARAMETERCalculating Project PerformanceEVA analyses project performance by calculating performance variances and performance indices. usual variances includeSchedule Variance (SV)Schedule variance (SV) is the amount by which the project is ahead or behind the planned delivery date, at a given point in time. It is a measure of schedule performance on a project. It is equal to the earned value (EV) minus the planned value (PV). The EVM schedule variance is a useful metric which can indicate when a project is fallin g behind or is ahead of its baseline schedule. The EVM schedule variance will ultimately equal zero when the project is grappled because all of the planned values will have been earned.Cost variance (CV)Cost variance (CV) is the amount of budget deficit or surplus at a given point in time. It is a measure of cost performance on a project. It is equal to the earned value (EV) minus the actual cost (AC). The cost variance at the end of the project will be the difference between the budget at completion (BAC) and the actual amount spent.Schedule performance index (SPI)The schedule performance index (SPI) is a measure of schedule efficiency expressed as the ratio of earned value to planned value. SPI indicates the rate at which the project is progressing. It is sometimes used in unification with the cost performance index (CPI) to forecast the final project completion estimates. An SPI value less than 1.0 indicates less work was completed than was planned. An SPI greater than 1.0 indi cates that more work was completed than was planned.Cost performance index (CPI)The cost performance index (CPI) is a measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources, expressed as a ratio of earned value to actual cost. It is considered the most critical EVM metric and measures the cost efficiency for the work completed. A CPI value of less than 1.0 indicates a cost overrun for work completed and greater than 1.0 indicates a cost underrun of performance to date.Performance ForecastingAs the project progresses, forecasts can be developed for cost and schedule performance. Common forecasting data includesEstimate to Complete (ETC)The estimate to complete (ETC) is the expected cost needed to complete all of the be work for a control account, work package, or the project. The most accurate method is to develop a new, detailed, bottom-up estimate based on an analysis of the stay work.Estimate at Completion (EAC)Estimate at completion (EAC), is the expected total cost of a control a ccount, work package, or the project when the be scope of work will be completed. The EAC is typically based on the actual cost incurred for work completed (AC), plus an estimate to complete (ETC) for the stay work.Variance at Completion (VAC)The cost variance at completion (VAC), derived by subtracting the EAC from the BAC, forecasts the amount of budget deficit or surplus at the end of the project. The VAC shows the team whether the project is forecasted to finish under or over budget. This can be expressed as a percentage by dividing VAC by BAC.To complete performance index (TCPI)The TCPI is a comparative measure. It compares work completed to date with budget required to complete the remaining work. The TCPI data can be used as the basis for a discussion which explores whether the performance required is realistically achievable. It is the ratio of remaining work to the remaining budget.TABLE IEVM AS IT RELATES TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT SITUATIONSProject perplexity QuestionsEVM Pe rformance MeasuresFormulaSchedule Analysis Forecasting To know the status of project Time-Wise.Are we ahead or behind schedule?Schedule Variance (SV)SV = EV/PVHow efficiency are we using time?Schedule Performance Index (SPI)SPI = EV/PVCost Analysis Forecasting To know the status of project Cost-Wise.Are we under or over our budget?Cost Variance (CV)CV = EV-ACHow efficiently are we using our resources?Cost Performance Index (CPI)CPI = EV/ACHow efficiently must we use our remaining resources?To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI)TCPI = (BAC EV)/(BAC AC )What is the project likely to cost? Estimate at Completion (EAC)EAC = BAC/CPIWill we be under or over budget?Variance at Completion (VAC)VAC = BAC-EACWhat will the remaining work cost?Estimate to Complete (EAC)ETC = (BAC-EV)/CPICONCLUSIONSThe study of various research works and case studies give an idea that Earned Value Analysis is a great monitoring system for project cost control. Therefore, in this paper I will be making an attem pt to apply and analyse the use of EVM on a live project based on the findings and guidelines of the references.REFERENCES1 PMI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), 4th Edition, Project Management Institute, USA, 2008.2 PMI, Practice Standard for Earned Value Management, 2nd Edition, Project Management Institute, USA, 2005.3 Pramod M, K. Phaniraj and V. Srinivasan, Monitoring System for Project Cost Control in verbal expression Industry, in International Journal of Engineering Research Technology (IJERT), Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 1487-1491, July 2014.4 Jose Angelo Valle and Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares, The Use of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in the Cost Management of Construction Projects, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, pp1-11, Mar 2011.5 Antony Prasanth M A and K Thirumalai Raja, Project Performance Evaluation by Earned Value Method, International Conference on Engineering Technology and Science, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, Fe b. 2014.

History Essays French Revolution Violence

History Essays French Revolution ViolenceFrench Revolution ViolenceWhen historians and others plight in discussion of the French Revolution, they often begin with discussions about why the French bulk became unhappy and turned towards popular fury as an useful means of dismantling the Ancient Regime. Popular violence became an enduring form of achieving the populations remainders, just as it helped to functioning about a red-faced abolition to Frances monarchy on August 10, 1792.The French Revolutions aims however, were not solely focused on replacing the King of France, Louis XVI with an substitute government, but similarly to completely re realise French Society. The events that occurred following August 4, 1789, were matters focused on religion and politics, and set in motion the Revolution detaching itself from the large(p) ideas originally intended for a constitutional monarch, and instead heading down the path of violence and bloodshed.At the heart of the problem, i s that the revolution collapsed from deep down, because of a document presented to a stunned population. This document, the civilian war paint of the Clergy, created the French Catholic church building as a branch of the new revolutionary government. Previously, the Church and State government had acted in synchronicity. People throughout France were unhappy with this fundamental change to their Church, and millions began to desert the ideas of the revolution for the sake of their religion.Ultimately, this would lead to an escalation of violence that would cause the French Revolution to become more and more bloodier. The civilian Constitution of the Clergy introduced a division amongst Church and State and the Revolution in such a way that it increased the level of violence and executions to harrowing levels.The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was proclaimed by the National fictionalisation on July 12, 1790 (Desan 5). The document was the product of the ecclesiastical body o f the assembly (Desan 5). The impetus tush its creation was to create a document that would add a rationalized structure to the Church that would cause the Church to operate separate from the government, and to eliminate its financial caution over the bulk of France (Desan 5). The document reflects the thinking of the assemblys ecclesiastical body by reason of what it attempted to accomplish, but it reflects the inexperience of the group in matters of politics.The document essentially turned the bishops and priests of France into state employees because it created their responsibility to the state where none had previously existed (Desan 5). This might extradite met the satisfaction of the low echelon church priests, but it would not put up been to the satisfaction of the bishops. Most of the bishops in France were from families who had previously been members of the Second Estate.The document would have essentially not just the authority that they exerted over the populations residing within their parishes, but it would greatly impair their relationship with the Papacy and, in some cases, mitigate the ambitions of the bishops. As state employees, the bishops would have been reported to the government on their communications with Rome. It would have been necessary to discuss applicable Church doctrine with the state official or department that was put in charge of the state employees.More importantly, however, is that the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a blow to the Churchs finances. It eliminated certain sources of revenues, such as the fees charged by the Church to perform certain services in the community (Desan 5). Suzanne Desan (1990) states that while the bishops and clerics were probably willing to work with the revolutionaries to make the Constitution work for them, the vast majority of the clergy were fundamentally against it (Dessan 5).To some extent, Desan says, the bishops and clerics agreed with the reform delineated by the Constituti on (Desan 5). However, they still could not opt affirmative action in that direction without guidance from Rome (Desan 5). While everyone waited for Rome to respond, the assembly grew restive and acted without Romes authority or guidance and imposed the Constitution on the Catholic bishops and clergy (Desan 5).Whether or not the assembly predicted that Rome would withhold its panegyric is unclear. However, the events as they unfolded might suggest that Rome recognized that the potential for division amongst the revolutionary forces if the Pope withheld comment and let the events unfold as they would. The assembly also attempted to force the bishops and clergy to take an oath to the document, the King (who sanctioned the document), and to France. It is here that it might appear, as Desan suggests as well, that the French Revolution began to go wrong (Desan 6).The relative incidence of oath taking was highest in the center, the Ile-de-France, and the southeast. In those regions la ter known for a high level of religious practicethe northwest, northeast/east, and the Massif Centralwell over half the clergy refused the oath. 8 Historians have frequently seen the requirement of the oath as one of the critical errors of the Revolution, for it provoked unending controversies among the clergy and laity alike and persuaded many villagers to oppose the Revolution (Desan 6).There were conflicts within the assembly on the document as well. F. A. Aulard says that Robespierre and the ecclesiastics differed because Robespierre held that religion was an individual choice. He envisioned the government of France as one that was non-religious and focused on matters of state. The idea that the people of France would pursue their religious choices and obligations separate of their state responsibilities was truly revolutionary (Aulard 45).This was very often a Girondist sentiment, and quite different than that held by Couthon. It was Couthon who wanted to see a religious stat e where the Supreme Being, was at that center of State and Church policy. With that, The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was intended to deal with what the revolutionaries perceived to be a chancy situation with which they were faced (Thompson 1952 22). The Catholic Church was not just the wealthiest institution in France, it was also the most kingful (22) The revolutionaries were faced with a need to take that power away from the church, but in a way in which the National Assembly would be able to absorb and make use of the power themselves (22).The holdings owned by the Church were rich and extensive in land, buildings and endowments (22). The wealth held by the Church was badly needed by the revolutionaries in order to put out moving towards their democracy. That too remained precarious, because in the first year of the revolution there was what anyone should have anticipated as chaos as people sought to bring to a violent end Frances monarch and wealthy (22).In the second ye ar, the year in which the Constitution of the Clergy was created, there was a need to create infrastructure within the revolutionary government as well as the desire by the vying parties to gain leadership roles in the new government (22). To render the Catholic Church to continue to hold greater wealth and power than the revolutionaries was contrary to their movement, and it could not be allowed to happen (22).This is the way in which the National Assembly was divided in religious ideology. The Jacobins were philosophic in nature, and, as reflected in Robespierres ideas, saw the state independent of religious influence. Robespierre specially wanted France independent of Catholic Church influence because it stood in stark opposition to the ideological state he envisioned. Regardless of Robespierres aspirations for France, The republic, once it was Montagnard, became a religion it had its martyrs and its saints (Aulard 125).It is at this point where the assembly began to divide, w ith the Jacobin and the other ideologies separate sides. This division arose out of the Constitution of the Clergy because it revised the Church in policy, and it revised the relationship the Church had with the state and with the French people. Considering that these factions existed within the assembly prior to the Constitution being imposed upon the State, it might be concluded that some of the assembly members saw potential conflict as predictable because of the relationship that the provinces had with the Church.The conflict would present for the assembly members the opportunity they needed to wrest control of France away from the Jacobins. Since Robespierre was in large part behind the Constitution of the Clergy, it was predictable, too, that the response of the people to the altered relationship between themselves and the Church would be a mitigating factor in Robespierres popularity.Robespierre had been raised a Catholic, but his goal was, Thompson says, to unite the country in faith if not religion freed from Catholic dogma and clerical fanaticism (Thompson 24). Robespierre was at heart a classical Republican, dedicated to equality, a constitutionally guaranteed order of freedoms and a document that served as a direction for the government. In dire need of cash, and on behalf of the state, Robespierre began to auction off confiscated church properties bit by bit (Thompson 25). The state also devised a scheme that was innovative for its time, allowing people to buy in co-owners of national properties (Thompson 25).The government program created a new class of landowner, and, more importantly, that their newfound status and land came out of the revolution meant that those people felt a loyalty to the government, and to Robespierre. It meant, too, that they would fight to prevent the aristocracy and royalty from returning to their previous status in France, because it would mean they would lose their newfound positions and property (Thompson 25).The Ci vil Constitution of the Clergy served as the basis for allegations that it was atheist in nature, and that was a document intended to further the cause and position of Frances Jewish population (Van Kley 1994 121). These two elements served as the prongs with which to separate the revolutionists, and to fuel the Churchs own quest to regain some of the power it lost to the government by the Constitution of the Clergy.By late 1791 the Constitution of the Clergy began showing the cracks of its weakness. Many people believed that the traditional Church had a place in the new government of France (Van Kley 416). As unrest spread, more attention was being focused on the Civil Constitution as nethermining the people of France. That rhetoric, encouraged by Robespierres enemies, permeated the minds of the people who associated with the document with an anti-faith notion and with officially empowering Jews in a way that had never been make before in France. Because of this, the people of Fra nce grew restless, became agitated, and began to turn again to popular violence as a means of achieving their goals (Van Kley 417).Frances population in the provinces was feeling especially agitated and defiant. Religious rioters mixed the sacred and the violent in powerful ways (Desan 1990 165). After this point, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy began to fall apart with what it meant to accomplish. Disgruntled Catholics who were positive(p) that the revolutionary government was moving towards atheism grew angry, and mob mentality permeated the countryside.Robespierres government based on philosophy, which left room for the monarchy had role as did the Church began crumbling under the weight of the very document intended to help ensure a government representing greater freedoms for everyone in France. Rather than swear an oath under the Civil Constitution, a majority of bishops in France had taken flight or gone into hiding. This break in relationship with the people with whom they had built constituencies left a void in the lives of those French people who had close ties to their Church and religious leaders. Albert Soboul (1988) says that enlightened reformism does not maintain the same shape in the sovereign linguistic context (Soboul 2). That remains true even today (Soboul 2). Suggesting that Robespierres ambitions for France never took the form necessary to withstand the trials and tribulations of church and state.The research of John Markoff (1996) involved creating tables for violence that Markoff at once relates to the Constituion of the Clergy (231). Violence against clerics in religious events was 58%. Violence against old regime roles of priest, bishop, canon, and monks was at 7% in company with religious events, and 18% against baillages in connector with religious events (Markoff 231).Violent acts committed against nonjurors in connection with religious events was 14% (Markoff 231). Violent acts against nonjurors bailliages in connection with religious events was 34% (Markoff 231). Violence resulting in the monetary value to constitutionals during religious events was 26%, and those events against the constitutionals associated with bailliages was 20% (Markoff 231).The percentage to monasteries from violence or even centre destruction of the monastery was 18%, and the events of violence damaging or destroying monasteries in connection with billiages was 36% (Markoff 231). Across Markoffs chart, the events of violence and the destruction associated with the violence was greater than those incidences of violence associated with non-religious events.Markoff found that the attacks by the people related to anti-tax events were 25%, while the attacks on anti-tax ballialages was 40% (Markoff 234). Attacks on person or property of tax collectors was 30% s compared to 41% on tax bailliages (Markoff 234). Violent attacks on all indirect taxes, were highest of the overall anti-tax related violence (although Markoff does no t define those any clearer) at 61% for anti-tax evens and 66% for anti-tax billiages events of violence (Markoff 234).The figures are consistent, and the incidence of violence that Markoff has identified as arising out of those events directly related to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy are more numerous than the events he identified as related to anti-tax incidences of violence.Markoff says that the sources he relied upon for his information in compiling the figures are reliable and thorough in recounting the events he has charted (Markoff 235). His conclusion is that the violence of the revolution was a greater reflection of the change in the relationship between the church-state-population than it was about taxes.It would suggest, too, that the pre-Civil Constitution of the Clergy relationship of between the church-state and people was such that it might even have served as a circumvention of public response to other matters, such as taxes.Markoff also cites documentation fr om Philippe Goujard which demonstrates that the rural petitioners expressed sentiments indicating that they respected the taxes but did not support the revolutionary governments enforcement of seigneurial rights (Markoff 235). This would explain the higher percentage of attacks on local jails, police, military camps, or other type office during the post Civil Constitution of the Clergy period. Markoff cites Eugen Weber, who held that it was late in the 19th century that French peasantry began to look beyond their own parish and be interested in the politics and events going on elsewhere (Markoff 241).Markoff says that his work has demonstrated that it was much earlier than Weber had originally believed, and that it was really the degree to which the peasantry expressed an interest that Weber was detecting (Markoff 241). Whereas, Markoff says, his events tables show that the peasantry was responding earlier (Markoff 241). As Desan points out, there was a dispute in perspective hel d by those people in the cities and the rural peasants (Desan 123-124). For Catholics during the Directory, liberty meant the freedom of religious expression (Desan 123-124).It is clear that the goals of the rural countryside were not as philosophical as those of the Parisians. That it was widely miscalculated as to what the rural populations were most passionate about, and that the religious relationship the rural people had with their local parishes went a long to satisfying their total philosophical curiosity. The response of the rural peasantry was one that became increasingly violent, and directed towards individuals that Markoff describes as frequent mismatch of clerical and communal political leanings, violence against clerics rose acutely (Markoff 506). The likelihood, Markoff says, of personal in religious clashes is, as demonstrated by the statistics cited above, much higher than any other issue arising out of the revolution (Markoff 506).There were for sure to be people who anticipated some of the reactions that led to more and more violent responses on the part of the rural peasantry, and who hoped to exploit that violence to their own benefit. However, it would be a fair conclusion to say that based on the evidence presented by Markoff in his statistical tables of violence and events, that post Civil Constitution of the Clergy, as a result of that document, by way of the changes that it ushered in, the counterrevolution was indeed much more violent than it might have otherwise been had not those changes in the relationship between the people of France and their parishes taken place.Works CitedAulard, A. The French Revolution A Political History 1789-1804. Trans. Bernard Miall.Vol. 2. London T. Fisher Unwin, 1910.Aston, Nigel, ed. Religious Change in Europe, 1650-1914 Essays for John McManners. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1997.Desan, Suzanne. Reclaiming the sacral Lay Religion and Popular Politics in Revolutionary France. Ithaca, NY Cornell Universi ty Press, 1990.Markoff, John. The Abolition of Feudalism Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution. University Park, PA Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.Soboul, Albert. Understanding the French Revolution. New York International Publishers, 1988.Thompson, J. M. Robespierre and the French Revolution. London English Universities Press, 1952.Van Kley, Dale, ed. The French Idea of Freedom The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1994.

Ligeia as a Triumph Over Patriarchy Essay -- Ligeia Essays

Ligeia as a Triumph Over Patriarchy From the time that Ligeia was written, critics have searched for meaning within Poes story of a scenic woman who died and returned in anothers body. While all critics have moved in different directions, many have arguably found an allegorical meaning ass the tale. Because many literary theories depend on each other, contemporary critics tend not to limit themselves to any single theory. Many critics employ multiple theory-based perspectives at once so that a text can be best understood. Many critics have looked to Poes relationship with women for understanding, combining biographical and feminist theory, age other critics use a variety of approaches, such as formalism and psychoanalysis, to develop their own understanding of what they believe to be an allegory. The collection of literary admonition surrounding Ligeia is insightful and comprehensive, and readers have the opportunity to examine interpretations from many different branches of l iterary theory. By looking at how critics from five different fields of critical review approach Ligeia, readers can see how contemporary critics can interpret from a variety of perspectives in order to acquire some deeper understanding of the work. One of the roughly widely used applications of literary criticism is formalism or as it is often called, New Criticism. The formalist perspective treats each piece of literature as a self-sufficient work, placing all avenues for understanding in the text itself, ignoring the social and political contexts of the author and publication, the authors biography, and other works by the same author. Formalist critics believe that form and grammatical construction are essential to the effectiveness of th... ...Linda J. Ligeia The Facts in the Case. Studies in Weird Fiction. 21 (1997) 10-16. Howard, Brad. The Conqueror Worm Dramatizing Aesthetics in Ligeia. Poe Studies. 21.2 (1988) 36-43. Johanyak, Debra. Poesian Feminism Triumph or Trage dy. College Language connecter Journal. 39.1 (1995) 62-70. Jones, Daryl E. Poes Siren Character and Meaning in Ligeia. Studies in Short Fiction. 20.1 (1983) 33-37. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Poe, Ligeia, and the Problem of Dying Women. New Essays on Poes Major Tales. Ed. Kenneth Silverman. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1993. 113-129. McEntee, Grace. Remembering Ligeia. Studies in American Fiction. 20.1 (1992) 75-83. Poe, Edgar Allan. Ligeia. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Shorter 4th ed. Ed. Baym, Nina, et al. New York WW Norton & Company, 1995. 655-664.

Dc Machine :: essays research papers

2a.i) Startup of a linear DC instrumentStartup of a linear DC machine (See Fig 1.1)1.The switch is closed which allows current to flow. The current flows thought the bar, which is given Kirhhoffs voltage law.Note The bar was at rest so eind = 0 I = VB-eind = VB/R R R2.While this current flows thu the there is a magnetic wildness, which induce a force on the wires. Find = i/B3. The bar willing accelerate. When the the velocity of the bar outgrowth, the voltage appears across the barfind = vBl4. Thus the ontogenesis voltage reduces the current flowing with the bar.I = VB-eind R5. The result of this action is that eventually the bar will reach a constant steady state speed where the net force on the bar is zero. This happen when eind has risen all the way up to match the voltage of VB & I=0. At that time the bar will be moving at a speed given byVss= VB Bl6. The bar will continue to move forever unless some external force disturbs it. unidimensional DC Motor or Generatorii) Mo tor Operation (See Fig 1.2)Since the bar was initially at steady state, application of the force Fload motion will result in a force on the bar in the direction opposite the direction of motion.Fnet = Fload Find The resulting acceleration a = Fed/m is negative, so the bar slows down the voltage eind=v Bl falls, and so I=(VB eind)/R increaseThe induced force Find = I lB increase until Find = Fload at a lower speed v.An amount of electrical power equal to eindi is now being converted to mechanical power equal to Findv and and the machine is acting as a motoriii) Generator Operation (See Fig 1.2)The concept of a generator is similar to the motor. When (Fig 1.2) moved rapidly it is a generator but when it move slowly it a motor. In a Generator a force is employ in direction of motion. Now the applied force will cause the bar to accelerate in the direction of motion and the velocity of the bar will increase as the velocity increase , eind = v Bl will increase and will be larger than t he battery voltage VB.