Huáscar and Atahualpa Inca Civil War

From 1527 to 1532, brothers Huà ¡scar and Atahualpa fought over the Inca Empire. Their father, Inca Huayna Capac, had allowed each to rule a part of the Empire as regent during his reign: Huà ¡scar in Cuzco and Atahualpa in Quito. When Huayna Capac and his heir apparent, Ninan Cuyuchi, died in 1527 (some sources say as early as 1525), Atahualpa and Huà ¡scar went to war over who would succeed their father. What neither man knew was that a far greater threat to the Empire was approaching: ruthless Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro. Background of the Inca Civil War In the Inca Empire, the word Inca meant King, as opposed to words like Aztec which referred to a people or culture. Still, Inca is often used as a general term to refer to the ethnic group who lived in the Andes and residents of the Inca Empire in particular. The Inca Emperors were considered to be divine, directly descended from the Sun. Their warlike culture had spread out from the Lake Titicaca area quickly, conquering one tribe and ethnic group after another to build a mighty Empire that spanned from Chile to southern Colombia and included vast swaths of present-day Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Because the Royal Inca line was supposedly directly descended from the sun, it was unseemly for the Inca Emperors to marry anyone but their own sisters. Numerous concubines, however, were allowed and the royal Incas tended to have many sons. In terms of succession, any son of an Inca Emperor would do: he did not have to be born to an Inca and his sister, nor did he have to be eldest. Often, brutal civil wars would break out upon the death of an Emperor as his sons fought for his throne: this produced much chaos but did result in a long line of strong, fierce, ruthless Inca lords that made the Empire strong and formidable. This is exactly what happened in 1527. With the powerful Huayna Capac gone, Atahualpa and Huà ¡scar apparently tried to rule jointly for a time but were unable to do so and hostilities soon broke out. The War of the Brothers Huà ¡scar ruled Cuzco, capital of the Inca Empire. He, therefore, commanded the loyalty of most of the people. Atahualpa, however, had the loyalty of the large Inca professional army and three outstanding generals: Chalcuchima, Quisquis, and Rumià ±ahui. The large army had been in the north near Quito subjugating smaller tribes into the Empire when the war broke out. At first, Huà ¡scar made an attempt at capturing Quito, but the mighty army under Quisquis pushed him back. Atahualpa sent Chalcuchima and Quisquis after Cuzco and left Rumià ±ahui in Quito. The Caà ±ari people, who inhabited the region of modern-day Cuenca to the south of Quito, allied with Huà ¡scar. As Atahualpas forces moved south, they punished the Caà ±ari severely, devastating their lands and massacring many of the people. This act of vengeance would come back to haunt the Inca people later, as the Caà ±ari would ally with conquistador Sebastià ¡n de Benalcà ¡zar when he marched on Quito. In a desperate battle outside of Cuzco, Quisquis routed Huà ¡scars forces sometime in 1532 and captured Huà ¡scar. Atahualpa, delighted, moved south to take possession of his Empire. Death of Huà ¡scar In November of 1532, Atahualpa was in the city of Cajamarca celebrating his victory over Huà ¡scar when a group of 170 bedraggled foreigners arrived at the city: Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Atahualpa agreed to meet with the Spanish but his men were ambushed in the Cajamarca town square and Atahualpa was captured. This was the beginning of the end of the Inca Empire: with the Emperor in their power, no one dared attack the Spanish. Atahualpa soon realized that the Spanish wanted gold and silver and arranged for a kingly ransom to be paid. Meanwhile, he was allowed to run his Empire from captivity. One of his first orders was the execution of Huà ¡scar, who was butchered by his captors at Andamarca, not far from Cajamarca. He ordered the execution when he was told by the Spanish that they wanted to see Huà ¡scar. Fearing that his brother would make some sort of deal with the Spanish, Atahualpa ordered his death. Meanwhile, in Cuzco, Quisquis was executing all of the members of Huà ¡scars family and any nobles who had supported him. Death of Atahualpa Atahualpa had promised  to fill a large room half full with gold and twice over with silver  in order to secure his release, and in late 1532, messengers spread out to the far corners of the Empire to  order his subjects to send gold and silver.  As precious works of art poured into  Cajamarca, they were melted down and sent to Spain. In July of 1533, Pizarro and his men began hearing rumors that the mighty army of Rumià ±ahui, still back in Quito, had mobilized and was approaching with the goal of liberating Atahualpa. They panicked and executed Atahualpa on July 26, accusing him of treachery. The rumors later proved to be false: Rumià ±ahui was still in Quito. Legacy of the Civil War There is no doubt that the civil war was one of the most crucial factors of the Spanish conquest of the Andes. The Inca Empire was a mighty one, featuring powerful armies, skilled generals, a strong economy and hard-working population. Had Huayna Capac still been in charge, the Spanish would have had a tough time of it. As it was, the Spanish were able to skillfully use the conflict to their advantage. After the death of Atahualpa, the Spanish were able to claim the title of avengers of ill-fated Huà ¡scar and march into Cuzco as liberators. The Empire had been sharply divided during the war, and by allying themselves to Huà ¡scars faction the Spanish were able to walk into Cuzco and loot whatever had been left behind after Atahualpas ransom had been paid. General Quisquis eventually saw the danger posed by the Spanish and rebelled, but his revolt was put down. Rumià ±ahui bravely defended the north, fighting the invaders every step of the way, but superior Spanish military technology and tactics, along with allies including the Caà ±ari, doomed the resistance from the start. Even years after their deaths, the Spanish were using the Atahualpa-Huà ¡scar civil war to their advantage. After the conquest of the Inca, many people back in Spain began wondering what Atahualpa had done to deserve being kidnapped and murdered by the Spanish, and why Pizarro had invaded Peru in the first place. Fortunately for the Spanish, Huà ¡scar had been the elder of the brothers, which allowed the Spanish (who practiced primogeniture) to assert that Atahualpa had usurped his brothers throne and was therefore fair game for Spanish who only wanted to set things right and avenge poor Huà ¡scar, who no Spaniard ever met. This smear campaign against Atahualpa was led by pro-conquest Spanish writers such as Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. The rivalry between Atahualpa and Huà ¡scar survives to this day. Ask anyone from Quito about it and theyll tell you that Atahualpa was the legitimate one and Huà ¡scar the usurper: they tell the story vice versa in Cuzco. In Peru, in the nineteenth century, they christened a mighty new warship Huà ¡scar, whereas in Quito you can take in a  fà ºtbol  game at the national stadium: Estadio Olà ­mpico Atahualpa. Sources Hemming, John.  The Conquest of the Inca  London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Herring, Hubert.  A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.  New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

Analysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Dangers Of A...

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in a TED Talks presentation titled â€Å"The Dangers of a Single Story†, introduces her concept of the single story as having an incomplete perspective on topics such as race, gender equality, and sexual identity that translate to how people perceive each other. People who suffer from a single story rely on their partial judgment to make decisions about others rather than to make decisions on what is factual. Being exposed to various literature is crucial in avoiding the dangers of a single story because literature allows readers access to the immense library of knowledge from millions of writers. Readers have the privilege to see the world from thousands of different perspectives which allow individuals to immerse in a world from the author’s point of view and reflect upon their own lives. Consequently, readers make better decisions and are more open-minded compared to individuals who do not study the literature. Studying different types of li terature expose readers to a number of perspectives that help develop critical thinking skills essential to understanding their society and promoting diversity. In addition, literature encourages mindfulness crucial in the workplace because it eliminates cultural bias while eradicating partial thought processes that lead to single stories. Reading various types of literature, especially multicultural literature, helps people eliminate cultural bias and introduce various perspectives into culture that supportShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie s Ted Talk, The Danger Of A Single Story1237 Words   |  5 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s inspiring TED talk, The Danger of a Single Story, proves how stories influence the way we perceive the world. She describes the single story as a narrative that surrounds only one perspective. The objective of her speech is to inform her audience that assuming something is true based on a single piece of information gives us incomplete and incorrect perceptions. Society is an accumulation of social stories, it is never just one thing. There are multiple, contingentRead MoreCultural Practices between Men and Women in Nigeria1858 Words   |  8 Pagesis revealed and documented. This project is a collection of fictional short stories, it is titled Cold Heart and Ot her Stories. The theme of these stories will revolve around emotional and domestic abuse on women, the stories are a reflection of the everyday lives of young Nigerian females as they, in the words of Nadaswaran(2012), â€Å"mature into their understanding of personhood as ‘woman’†. As a collection of short stories written from the point of view of a Nigerian female, this research portfolioRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Esperanza Rising 1776 Words   |  8 Pagesasparagus season would be a long season, one in which Esperanza’s mettle is tested. While packing asparagus, Esperanza listens to the chants and threats of the strikers. The workers have to cross picket lines to get to the sheds to store the asparagus. Danger encroaches the migrant work camp like the heat of the impending summer. Los Duraznos (Peaches) summer harvest portrays life in full swing. Increased temperature brings with it heated arguments and fiery tempers prompted by love and anger. Finally

Cloud Accounting Software for Business-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: Discuss about the Importance of using Accounting Software Packages by Business Organizations. Answers: Introduction The present reports aims to demonstrate the importance of using accounting software packages by business organizations nowadays for staying competitive in the marketplace. In this context, the report presents an evaluation of an Australian company that is using accounting software packages. The company selected for the purpose is Woolworths, one of the largest retail companies of Australia. The report demonstrates the organizational structure of the company, operational problems in its present organizational structure, type of accounting software used by the company and the control problems faced by the system. Moreover, it also develops and describes the sales flowchart of the company. In addition to this, the report also describes the development and adoption of accounting software packages, the current market size, the leaders in the market and the current challenges faced by the users of the accounting software packages. At last, the report provides the recommendations for improv ing the current gaps in the current accounting software packages used in Australia. Current Organizational Structure Coyne (2016) stated that the Woolworths Limited, a leading supermarket giant having approximately 3,500 stores across Australia and New Zealand. The company operates its business areas such as supermarkets, liquor retailing, gaming machines, hospitality services and department stores. Thus, the company has a large complex structure to manage and therefore has adopted the use of computing devices for streamlining its business processes. The company has primarily adopted the use of software tools such as Access and Excel. However, the company faced lot of issues such as data duplication with the use of these software tools. This resulted in large wastage of time of the employees in carrying out their daily operational activities. The company, therefore, opted for the integration of other software packages for synchronizing its business operations and managing its complex organizational structure efficiently. The company currently adopts the use of SAP for managing its complex business operations. The adoption of SAP has helped the company in gaining control over its internal business processes and thus managing them properly (Coyne, 2016). Operational Problem According to Chanthadavong (2016) the organizational structure of Woolworths was largely complex primarily as it adopts the software tools such as excel and access that accounts for various operational errors due to data duplication. These software tools were also unable to compile all the master data of the company and thus it has no shared database. This eventually results in spending large amount of time in integrating the vast amount of organizational data collected from its various business divisions. This impacts the decision-making process of the company leading to decline its productivity and profitability. The company has then recognized the importance of developing and implementing an efficient accounting software packages for streamlining its operational processes. The implementation of the SAP system has enabled the company to simplify the nature of its operational process and performing all its activities quickly and easily. The company recently integrates the use of MYO B and POS (Point of Sale) accounting software package for managing its internal business processes. These accounting software packages has proved to be largely beneficial for the company for easy management of data and therefore aiding in quick decision-making. The software was able to integrate the accounting data from the various operational units of the company and making the organizational structure efficiently (Chanthadavong, 2016). System Acquisition Method Hall (2015) stated that the system acquisition method refers to the type of system procedure adopted for the development and implementation of a software system by an organization. The Woolworths Limited as such as adopted the use of an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software system for implementation of is accounting software package. The ERP software system is specifically developed to integrate the information of various detriments units of an organization have large and compiles business structure. The Woolworths Limited is a supermarket giant of Australia and therefore has various departments units. As such it needs an accounting software system that is able to integrate the accounting information from its various departments such as accounting, HR, logistics and manufacturing into a single database. The database can be shared easily across various departments of the company through the use of ERP software system. The MYOB accounting software used by the company is an ERP sy stem that possesses the ability to integrate all the accounting information into one linked platform thus facilitating in easy handling of the accounts (Hall, 2015). Sales Flowchart Various Symbols used in Process flowchart Sales Process Flowchart implemented in the Woolworth through using the MYOB Description of the sales procedure used by the Woolworth in their organization The sales procedure described here is the online and most intensive system used by the Woolworth for making sales through B2C channel. This system is follows series of steps that are mentioned below: A: Sales Department: This department requires looking after the customer order and forwarding them to the credit department. This step is linked with the shopping cart of the customer and followed to the online processing of payment through the secure server. The sales department after verifying the payment from the credit department processes the customer order and sends them to the respective warehouse where goods are stored. Sales department also intimate the customer that their order has been processed and will be shipped on the respective date (E-Commerce: Purchasing and Selling Online, 2017). B: Credit Department: The main objective of the credit department to verify the payment details of the order made by the customer and sends them to the sales department after verification. Credit department uses the secure server to receive the payments from the customer so that their bank details will not been hacked by others. C: Warehouse Department: This Department receives order confirmation of the particular product from the sales department. All the order details have been properly mentioned in the sales order to make the work easy for the warehouse department. After hatching the demanded product by the customer, it passes to the shipping department to make it deliver to the customer. D: Shipping Department: This department receives the goods from the warehouse department and ships them to the customer address as mentioned in the sales order. It also intimates the shipping details to the customer. Control Problems As per the views of Liguo (2014) the MYOB accounting software system besides providing advantage of efficient management of cash flow and payroll of an organization is also associated with some drawbacks. The major control problem associated with the use of MYOB software is that it is not such user-friendly. Thus, the employees of the company need to be well-trained for its use otherwise it may result in poor management decisions and occurrence of unintentional errors in recording and processing of data. The lack of knowledge on employees part to run the software can also result in destruction of valuable data of the company. In addition to this, the use of MYOB accounting software is also associated with the drawback of occurrence of fraudulent activities within the company. The data security is one such issue in this context as the use of accounting software packages can result in breach of privacy of confidential data by sharing it online which becomes vulnerable to be attacked by hackers. The sharing of confidential data on online platform by accounting software can result in the occurrence of loss of valuable information of the company to the competitors. As such, the company is required to develop efficient security checks to prevent the loss of valuable data by adopting the use of accounting software packages (Liguo, 2014). Development and adoption of the accounting software packages Mageto (2017) stated that the use of accounting software packages is on increase among Australian organizations as such software helped the businesses to automate their manual accounting processes and improving the operational efficiency. The introduction of accounting software has changed the system of accounting functions in Australian business firms. The Australian businesses at present largely incorporate the use of cloud based accounting software such as Xero, Quick books, MYOB and many others. This accounting softwares are based on internet and are very helpful in integrating the accounting information from various sources into a single linked platform. The businesses largely face the problem of integrating the accounting information from its various business units into a single platform before the development and adoption of cloud based accounting software. There was lack of co-ordination among the various operational units of an entity such as sales, production, logistics, in ventory and distribution. As such, the businesses face large problems in managing the organizational structure and streamlining their business processes. This led to the development of accounting softwares that are able to synchronize the business operations and thus leading to increased flexibility in the organizational structure of business entities. The increased popularity of cloud based accounting software for improving the operational efficiency has led to its larger adoption and integration among Australian business firms (Mageto, 2017). As per Hall (2015) this was mainly because the traditional accounting system is associated with the major limitation that it is not internet based and needs to be installed properly on each computer device. However, the cloud based accounting software is integrated in nature and internet based and therefore requires less time in implementation and adoption. The major benefits provided by cloud accounting are automation and integration over the traditional accounting software. This software proves to be largely useful to the business firms for developing sales and purchase order, conducting multi-currency transactions, integrating payroll and doing online bill payment. The Woolworths has also incorporated the use of cloud based accounting software that is MYOB for managing its internal and external, business structure efficiently (Hall, 2015). Current market size There is increased demand of cloud based accounting software in the Australian market among both SMEs and large scale companies. There are large number of accounting software available in the market such as Xero, Zoho books, Quick books and MYOB. The increased demand of this software is attributed to the automation and integration benefits provided by them. This has lead to the strong growth of the accounting software industry in the Australia driven by increased online connectivity. The industry is expected to record a growth of about 7 per cent in the coming five years with the increase in revenue to about 8.5% (Software Publishing in Australia, 2017). Leaders in the market and their Competitive Advantage The top leaders in the accounting software industry of Australia are Xero, MYOB, Quick Books and Zoho books. The XERO has largest market share of about 65% followed by MYOB. There is intense competition among these as they offer almost similar accounting software package. They compete mainly on the price that is based on the scale of operations business nature and structure. These software companies attain their competitive advantage by achieving customer loyalty through providing good customer service (Software Publishing in Australia, 2017). Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting software/packages According to Terkper (2008) the current gaps in the accounting software packages are as follows: Lack of Security: The cloud based accounting software are internet based and therefore the data shared can be accessed by the hackers resulting in the theft of confidential information. Inadequate Reporting Service: The users face problems in getting their data out from the accounting software packages as it is easy to input the data but rather difficult to retrieve it back. Lack of Efficiency: This accounting software is not such user-friendly and thus requires lots of efforts on the part of the users for their easy use and maintenance. The users also cannot customize these software as per their demand as the features are extremely complicated to be understood. Compatibility Issues: The accounting software is sometimes not compatible with the user programs and thus the users cannot import some data into their program due to compatibility issues (Terkper, 2008). On the basis of above accounting software challenges, it is recommended to business companies to adopt the use of traditional accounting procedures for managing confidential accounting data. This is necessary for prevention of theft of data that can result in sharing of valuable information to the competitors. Also, the companies integrating the use of accounting software should develop strong security architecture for data security and provide proper training to all its employees and leaders for proper use of accounting software (Rangaraju and Kennedy, 2012). Conclusion It can be summarized from the overall discussion held in the report that cloud accounting software is largely useful for businesses to automate their accounting procedures. However, the business companies need to adopt proper security procedures for avoiding the safety issues such as theft or illegal activities that can occur through the use of accounting software References Chanthadavong, A. 2016. Woolworths upgrades HR system to the cloud with SAP. [Online]. Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/woolworths-upgrades-hr-system-to-the-cloud-with-sap/ [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Coyne, A. 2016. Woolworths makes fixing IT a priority. [Online]. Available at: https://www.itnews.com.au/news/woolworths-makes-fixing-it-a-priority-434957 [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. E-Commerce: Purchasing and Selling Online. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/IPEI_ebiz_ecomm.pdf [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Hall, J. 2015. Accounting Information Systems. Cengage Learning. Liguo, Y. 2014. Overcoming Challenges in Software Engineering Education: Delivering Non-Technical Knowledge and Skills: Delivering Non-Technical Knowledge and Skills. IGI Global. Mageto, J. 2017. Accounting Softwares in Australia. An Overview. GRIN Verlag. Rangaraju, M.S. and Kennedy, H. 2012. Innovation in Management Challenges and Opportunities in the next decade. Allied Publishers. Software Publishing in Australia. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/information-media-telecommunications/except-internet-music-publishing/software-publishing.html [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Terkper, S.E. 2008. Accounting Challenges for Semi-Autonomous Revenue Agencies (SARAs) in Developing Countries, Issues 2008-2116. International Monetary Fund.

The Relationships between Advertising Appeals, Spending Tendency, Perceived Social Status and Materialism on Perfume Purchasing Behaviour

This article shows that consumers who are willing to spend money on perfume products had a high level of advertisement appeals, perceived social status, materialism tendencies, and a moderate level of spending tendency. This results aid marketers in understanding perfume consumers’ purchasing behaviour and market segmentation for competitiveness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationships between Advertising Appeals, Spending Tendency, Perceived Social Status and Materialism on Perfume Purchasing Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Past study by Nielsen shows that consumers are striving for good looks and will spend fortunes to achieve them. Consequently, this leads to positive effects on the market. However, consumers’ decision to purchase a product depends both on internal and external factors. In this context, advertisement is the external factor that influences consumer’s pu rchasing behaviour. This article identified that factors like advertising appeals, tendency to spend, perceived social status, and materialism have significant influence on consumers’ purchasing behaviour of perfume products. In this regard, it is necessary for marketers to understand these factors and their effects on consumers’ decision to purchase perfume products. Marketers can identify different market segmentations and their behaviours, improve market positioning, and utilise their target markets. Advertisement appeals have significant influence on consumers’ purchasing behaviour. Consequently, marketers should increase advertisement and promote their perfume products. The study also shows that female consumers have tendencies to spend more money on perfume products than their male counterparts. Therefore, marketers should use their promotional tools to target more female consumers than male consumers. However, this research did not take into account cross -cultural factors and their influence on perfume products and consumers’ behaviour. Therefore, the study does not show how diverse cultures may influence the consumers’ buying behaviour of perfume products. The Naked Truth: Revealing the Affinity for Graphic Sexual Appeals in Advertising Most advertisers shock the world with the use of sexually appealing advertisement e.g. designer, Tom Ford with his erotic advertisement of men’s fragrance in 2007. However, how sexual appeals offend consumers and generate negative comments about a brand remain an issue for discussion. It leads to the issues of how far nudity can go without evoking negative reaction from consumers. The main concern is that research has generally failed to provide favourable and receptive responses to advertisement using sex appeals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies suggest that se xually charged advertisement does not need increased use of nudity to achieve its effects on consumers. In fact, this study shows that nudity is not a key determinant in advertisement. Instead, advertisers should first determine the level of their target audience in terms of moral equity or relativism, sensation seeking, and sexual self-schema. However, individuals’ personalities determine their levels of reactions to an advertisement than the use of nudity. Most advertisement pundits recommend the avoidance of using nudity or sexual content or using it with extreme caution in advertisements. Courtney and Whipple note that advertisers should avoid the use of overtly seductive, nude, or partially clad models in their advertisements. Conversely, current research shows that there are elements of consumers who like and respond favourably to nudity and sexually explicit advertisements. This segment is mainly high-sensation seekers. This segment also has positive sexual self-conce pts and is a moral relativist who considers sexual appeals as culturally appropriate. At the same time, gender also has influence on sexually appealing advertisements. However, putting a sexual appealing advertisement to appeal to either gender will not work and is oversimplifying the issue. This article provides guidelines and strategies for marketers who intend to use sexual appeals in their advertisement. This essay on The Relationships between Advertising Appeals, Spending Tendency, Perceived Social Status and Materialism on Perfume Purchasing Behaviour was written and submitted by user J0hnP0rter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.