King Lear Essay

The portrayed role of King widely varies between Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ and Sophocles’ ‘Oedipus Rex’ as each has very different approaches to the position. As the plays continue however we can also draw similarities between Oedipus and King Lear. As we begin with the play ‘Oedipus Rex’ we get our first impressions of the Oedipus from the way he addresses his people, we immediately see his paternal leadership coming through as he addresses his people as ‘My children’, this is important to the reader/audience as it helps us see that he takes responsibility and sees importance in protecting his people. He also shows that there is no distance between him and his people when he says ‘I hear prayers for the sick’ this is important as it shows that not only does he hear the calls for help which shows he is in close contact but he also shows he is a hands on King as he reacted to it and is looking to help. We can compare this to the leadership of King Lear who in the opening that the King has a less enthusiastic approach to his kingdom, we learn this from the conversation from Kent and Gloucester, ‘the division of the kingdom’ shows there is far from the closeness that is experienced in Thebes, by dividing the kingdom the King is creating a competitive environment and weakens the nation considerably, this being said we can see that King Lear is not the ideal leader. The next indication of a good king is how his people address him, with the two kings it is very different indeed, by looking at the Priest who acts as the representative of the people of Thebes we learn a great deal. Immediately we can see that the fact the priest has approached the king he as confidence that the calls for help will be heard. The priests use of language is important to understand Oedipus as a king, ‘wallowing aimlessly in a sea of blood’ is an obvious over exaggeration but it also states that they look to the king as a guide, the word wallowing suggests aimless movements, Oedipus is the obvious sense of direction for Thebes, this responsibility is placed upon the king is greatly informing as without reading on we can safely assume the king has before been in the position where he has to direct his kingdom and been successful and has gained the respect and confidence of his people. To measure Oedipus’ leadership we can again compare it to that of King Lear, immediately we have seen his wishes to split his country and his terminology ‘our darker purpose’ suggests secretive acts from his people and that he has ulterior motives. We also see that Lear is planning for his early retirement, this is another indication of a poor King, it was strongly believed that Kings were appointed by God and therefore could only be freed of the burden by God, a King who makes actions to give up his role is acting not only against his people but also his faith, this highlights the scale of his selfishness and terrible leadership. Language is of high relevance to the portrayal of Oedipus as a King, the praise directed at him by the Priest is very interesting to note when comparing the two Kings with regards to what is the right and wrong way to rule a kingdom. It becomes clear to the audience that Oedipus adopts a democratic ruling as the priest says ‘if we choose’ in context this is highly respectable as democracy is a fairly modern concept and for Greece and Oedipus to have already created such methods shows great innovation and fantastic consideration for their people. To strengthen the abnormality of giving people choice we only need to look again to the Shakespeare’s King Lear, as he divides his kingdom there is no consideration for people’s choice and wishes, ‘unburthened crawl towards death’ shows his reluctance to face up to his responsibilities as a King to protect his people and keep a united nation, instead he is too besotted with personal gain, he splits his nation without regard for his people but also on a smaller scale he splits his family, ‘which of you shall we say doth love us most? This openly creates conflict, creates divisions between his daughters which is the same effect his choice will have on his kingdom. A further example of Oedipus as a strong king comes when the Priest claims he is good at the ‘business of the state’ and has a mind ‘that touches eternity, not only does this show he is very wise, has knowledge beyond measure but it shows that he does not just enjoy the glamorous aspect of his role, he understands and appreciates the importance of the ‘business of the state’ to the smooth running of his kingdom. This being said however we do learn of a slight irrationality of Oedipus where the audience is told that he sends his brother to look to the Gods for answers as to what he should do, despite the fact he operates a particularly strong democratic system for its time and has the people of Theses backing with every word and decision it seems highly surprising he leaves decisions to fate. This particular area is the only common ground that can be found between Oedipus and King Lear, even though King Lear blatantly shows little logic, as can be seen where he divides his kingdom in attempt to bring it together. Another example of his lack of reason and logic shows itself as he first banishes his youngest most loved daughter Cordelia as he coldly says she is ‘a stranger to my heart’, this is a prime example of the weak King but also character Lear is, as both a king and father he enjoys the flattering as he demands the daughters to tell him who loves him more and when he hears an answer which he doesn’t like he reacts irrationally and banishes Cordelia from his Kingdom that he was once willing to give the larger share to only if she flattered him. Similarly, a voice of reason and logic comes through Kent but he is halted by King Lear as he threatens Kent with his life by saying ‘Kent, on thy life, no more’ again this is an example of his poor skills when in confrontation, Kent tries to make King Lear see sense but by saying something he doesn’t want to hear he is threatened with his life. There are many techniques used by both Shakespeare and Sophocles which both display examples of ruling, from the democratic Oedipus to the irrational leadership of King Lear.

Newell Company †Corporate Strategy Essay

How does the corporate office contribute towards Newel’s performance or in other words what value does the corporate office add? †¢Newell had adopted to develop its product line through key acquisitions rather than internal growth. All acquisitions are taken care at the corporate level so that the divisions are not diverted from their core function of generating profit. †¢Potential target firms undergo an intense screening process. They have to be par with company’s existing performance criteria †¢They bring up acquired companies by developing them to become cost efficient through operational strategies and creating profits within a period of 18 months. Some are done with a period of 6 months of time. Newell also have strict control for the time the customers pay, this is within 30-45 days †¢Corporate tightly controls the finances, yet it allows brand and division president autonomy to guide the performance of the business. †¢Corporate office does a good job of seamless linking of its structure, system & processes (SSP) with its businesses and resources. †¢The company attaches great importance to customer relations frequently inviting buyers for plant visits. †¢The companies Newell acquires have potential but undervalued. These companies are suffering because they do not have major clients and there overhead costs are high. †¢Newell focused on good communication within the company and had numerous meetings throughout the year in order for leadership roles to remain informed about other aspects of the company. Division leaders convened several times a year for presidents’ meetings as well as the ability for regular encounters at trade shows throughout the year. †¢Other forms of communication were bracket meetings and the monthly collection of operating figures. Bracket meetings were implemented if there were too many variances within the budget.

Sms Based E Notice Board

Abstract The goal of this project is to design an embedded device which can control up to 8 devices by sending a specific SMS message from a cell-phone. This controller is extremely handy at places where we have to control the ON and OFF switching of the devices but no wired connection to that place is available. To implement this, a GSM modem is connected to a programmed microcontroller which would receive the SMS from a reference cell phone. The control signal part of the received SMS is extracted and is changed to microcontroller-preferred format.In regular intervals, the modem would also send the local temperature We have selected GSM because the ubiquity of its standard makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. A PC which is connected to the micro-controller using a serial communication through RS232 can be used for monitoring and transmission of the control signals to the modem. T he monitoring is also done by interfacing a LCD to the microcontroller. AT commands were used for controlling the functionality of modem. Main hardware requirements:Renesas SKP16C62P Starter Kit Plus This contains the micro-controller. (used for controlling the different external devices connected as per the SMS received ) GSM modem (GM28 from Sony-Ericsson) This GSM/GPRS terminal equipment is a powerful, compact and self contained unit with standard connector interfaces and has an integral SIM card reader. It is used for receiving the SMS from the mobile device and then to transmit to the Renesas SKP. A MAX232 chip This converter chip is needed to convert a TTL logic from a Microcontroller (TxD and RxD pins ) to standard serial interfacing for PC (RS232) A DB9 connectorThis takes the signals coming form the MAX232 chip to the PC. The typical applications of this serial modem is for developing a wide range of equipment like Security and alarms devices Monitoring and control devices Vending machines Utilities devices Fleet Management devices Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 3 2. Project Description Renesas SKP16C62P Starter Kit Plus Device 1 Device 2 MAX 232 Device 8 DB9 Connector DB9 Connector GM28 (GSM Modem with SIM card working in 850 MHz /1900 Hz) Antenna Computer (For displaying the received SMS) Figure 1: Block diagram of the project setupInitially the SMS is received from the person authorized to use this setup (destination) by the GSM modem (GM28) & is transferred to the Renesas SKP16C62P SKP with the help of a MAX 232 chip. As per the AT commands given by the microcontroller to the modem, the control signal from the SMS is extracted and is used to control the devices connected to it. We have to convert the ‘septets' of the phone to ‘octets' because the micro-controller need bytes with 8 bits length ( The ‘septet' is 1 byte with 7 bits length and ‘octet' is 1 byte with 8 bits length). All this process is necessary to decode the m essage from SMS.A program (for extracting the control signal part from received SMS) is loaded into Renesas SKP16C62P SKP, and then the circuit is connected to the modem. The microcontroller now tries to read the SMS from the 1st memory location of the modem and it keeps trying again until the modem receives any (programmed for every one second). Before implementing the control signal part of the SMS, the modem extracts the number from the SMS and verifies if this number has the access to control the device or not. For controlling the devices, the message will be sent in hexa decimal format.The hex data is converted to the equivalent binary and the particular output is enabled. For example if the message is â€Å"AB† the equivalent binary is â€Å"10101011† this implies that the output 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 are enabled and the remaining ports are disabled. We have connected LEDs to the ports of microcontroller to show the output and their status indicates whether the ports are set to ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’. The microcontroller is also programmed to read the temperature from the thermistor every 15 minutes and to send a SMS to the destination number. Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 4 3. Device Description 3. 1. Renesas SKP16C62P Starter Kit PlusThe SKP16C62P StarterKit Plus (SKP) is a low-cost environment for evaluating M16C/62P group of microcontrollers (MCU) and Renesas Technology America, Inc. software development tools. The SKP board provides an evaluation and development environment for the M16C/62P group of MCU. It has pushbutton switches, LED’s and LCD for user interface. Standard connector ports are available to expand the range of applications through the use of expansion boards, etc. The kit comes with an integrated software development environment, HEW (IDE, C-compiler, assembler, and linker), KD30 Debugger, and FoUSB (Flash-overUSBâ„ ¢) Programmer.A real-time, source-level debug environment is implemented using the K D30 debugging software with the RTA-FoUSB-MON Flash Programmer/In-Circuit Debugger (ICD). The Flash-over-USBTM (FoUSB) Programmer software, with the ICD, allows in-system programming of the M16C/62P flash MCU. The ICD and firmware provide a convenient USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface between the SKP16C62P board and the host PC. This interface reduces resource requirements on the M16C/62P MCU, allows faster code downloads and, can also be used with many other Renesas Flash MCU’s, SKP’s, and user’s target board.Figure 2: SKP16C62P System Connectivity (From the hardware manual of SKP16c62P ) Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 5 3. 2 GSM modem: (GM28 from Sony-Ericsson) Figure 3. a Figure 3. b Figure 3. c Figures 3. a, 3. b and 3. c show the different views of the GSM modem GM28 (From the Hardware Manual of GM28 Modem) The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. It is the European standard for digit al cellular service that includes enhanced features. It is based on TDMA technology and is used on 850/1900 MHz. We are using the GM28, a GSM modem from Sony-Ericsson.This is a powerful GSM/GPRS Terminal with compact and self-contained unit. This has standard connector interfaces and has an integral SIM card reader. The modem has a RJ9 connector through which a speaker and microphone can be connected allowing audio calls being established, but this feature is not utilized in this project as only data transfer is needed. Following are few technical details of the modem. Interfaces: †¢ Data: RS232 9–way (V. 28) †¢ Power and Extended I/Os: 5 – 32VDC (RJ11) †¢ Audio 4-wire Handset Interface (RJ9) †¢ Antenna: 50 (FME male) †¢ SIM card reader: 3V/5V interface with SIM detectionFeatures: †¢ ME + SIM phone book management – read/write/find, call screening, groups †¢ SIM Application Toolkit Class 2 †¢ Real Time Clock †¢ Softwa re upgradeable †¢ Audio control †¢ Fixed dialing number †¢ UCS2 16 bit data supported. Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 6 SMS features †¢ Supports both Text and PDU modes †¢ MT/MO & CBM †¢ Cell Broadcast †¢ Concatenation – up to 6 SMS The TT4030 (SE-GM28) uses the following industry standard connectors to interface with the external application and the GSM network; †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ RJ11 (plug-in power supply connector). RJ9 (handset audio connector) Integral SIM card reader.FME male (antenna connector). Sub-D socket, 9 pin (RS232 serial port). 3. 3. Power Connections All electrical connections to the TT4030 (SE-GM28) are designed to meet the standard air (4 kV) and contact (8 kV) discharge ESD tests, of EN 301 489-1. Figure 4 RJ11 connector as power supply to the modem (From the Hardware Manual of GM28 Modem) 3. 4. Antenna Connections The used antenna (Figure 4. a) operates at 850/1900 MHz which is suitable for transmit ting and receiving of RF signals for the GSM modem (GM28) used. Some of the key features of this antenna are: †¢ Bandwidth is 280 MHz †¢ VSWR is +3. 0V Signal = 1 (HIGH) < -3. V Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 9 Pin No. Name Notes/Description 1 DCD Data Carrier Detect 2 RD Receive Data (a. k. a RxD, Rx) 3 TD Transmit Data (a. k. a TxD, Tx) 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready 5 SGND Ground 6 DSR Data Set Ready 7 RTS Request To Send 8 CTS Clear To Send 9 RI Ring Indicator Table 1 Pin description of a DB9 connector 6. GM28 in a Communication System Figure 10, Illustrates the main blocks of a wireless communication system using the TT4030 (SE-GM28). It also shows the communication principles of the system. The definitions in the figure are in accordance with the recommendations of GSM 07. 7. The MS (mobile station) represents the TT4030 (SE-GM28) modem plus SIM card. The modem excluding SIM card, is known as the ME (mobile equipment). The TE (terminal equipment) is a micro-controller and is a part of the application. Figure 10. a Main blocks in communication between the GM28 (modem) and the microcontroller (TE) (From the Hardware Manual of GM28 Modem) The end-to-end communication path to be established between the external telemetry/ telematics application and a remote terminal or host, via the GSM network is done through the serial communication.Serial data with flow control according to the RS232 signaling protocol operates between the modem and the external application. The modem performs a set of telecom services (TS) according to GSM standard phase 2+, ETSI and ITU-T. Control of the TT4030 (SE-GM28) is by the external application, via the RS232 serial interface, using a set of AT commands. The TT4030 (SEGM28) supports the full set of AT commands according to GSM 07. 05 and GSM 07. 07. It also supports an extended set of Ericsson proprietary AT commands to add extra functionality. Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 10AT commands are used to operate the modem a nd have a broad range of Functions including: Configuring general parameters of the modem (SE-GM28) Setting up and controlling communications to and from the GSM Network Configuring the modem to communicate across the RS232 serial interface Obtaining GSM network status information. Figure 10. b Interface between the GM28 (modem) and microcontroller (TE) (From the Hardware Manual of GM28 Modem) The modem also supports the Voice, Data, Fax services but since these are not required for the current application, they are not taken into consideration as of now. . AT commands The AT command set is the fundamental interface with the modem. An AT command is simply a string of characters preceded by the AT prefix that is sent to the modem. The commands typically instruct the modem to perform some action or set some characteristic within the modem. The modem has two states: command state and on-line state. In command state, the modem will accept and respond to AT commands. In the on-line state , the modem will transmit data, but ignore AT commands. Typically the modem is in the on-line state after dialing.AT commands has the following format: The command is prefixed with AT (Attention) The command is terminated by a carriage return (except the A/ command and escape sequence). The commands can be entered in upper case or lower case. The AT prefix can be in upper case or lower case, but both the A and the T must be the same case. Characters that precede the AT prefix are ignored. Multiple commands can be strung together on a single line and spaces may be included between commands but are not necessary. The command line interpretation begins upon receipt of the carriage return.These commands are used for request information about the current configuration or operational status of the mobile phone/modem and test availability and request the range of valid parameters, when applicable, for an AT command. Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 11 General Syntax of AT-Commands: Basic AT [=] [] Extended AT+= [] AT*= [] Read command AT+? AT*? AT? Test command AT+=? AT*=? Response command AT+ : AT* : Important AT command used to Test and Design: 1) ATD To dial a voice call from the modem. 2) AT+IPR To set the baud rate for the modem ( here for our application the baud rate is set as 9600) ) ATA To answer an incoming call. 4) AT+CHUP To hang up the initiated call. 5) AT+CFUN To set the phone functionality. Set to 0 to deactivate the modem. 6) AT+CLIP To identify caller number this command is set to 1 7) AT+CLIR For calling line Identification Restriction. 8) AT+CNUM To identify the subscriber number. 9) AT+CMGR To read the message at particular location . The location number is given as index. 10) AT+CMGD To delete the received message 11) AT+CMGS To send the message. 12) AT+CMGF To change the message format to PDU or Text mode. 13) AT+CMGL To see all the list of messages. 4) ATE To enable and disable command echo. 8. Installation and Functionality of modem To install this modem in the communication system to PC, the following procedure is adopted: †¢ †¢ †¢ Select the phone and modem options from the control panel. By browsing the disk for the modem drivers, the modem is selected and configured to a particular port through which it is connected to the PC. The terminal package like HyperTerminal is selected in the initial stage to check the functionality of the AT commands to control the GSM modem and later this hyper terminal is just used to monitor the serially received output.Hence finally a three way communication is established, the modem directly communicates with the micro controller to control the switching of devices externally and the hyper terminal package in PC is used just for monitoring the results (hence only receive and ground of connected to the PC). Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 12 †¢ †¢ The parameters for serial communication can be set in two ways; either by terminal equipment or by serial communicat ion with the micro controller. It should be noticed that the DTR pin should be enabled high in the initial tage to turn-on the modem, for this flow control of hardware is to be taken and the communication initially is 115200 bauds/second with 8-n-1 configuration (i. e. 8-Data bits, Parity none and 1-Stop bit). Later the baud rate can be changed to 9600 bps through the AT command: AT+IPR = . The settings for the hyper-terminal should have the default input translation and ASCII setup, the emulation can be either VT100 (preferable) or Auto-detect. To setup the serial port the following procedure has been followed: †¢ †¢ †¢ Select system from the control panel and thereby select the device manager in the hardware option.Now the exact serial COM port where the modem is configured is selected manually. Select port settings and then bits per second to get the exact baud rate. Now that the modem is configure it’s the task of setting up the volatile profile and enter t he AT commands required to select the SIM memory and then extract the text message. Hence, serial communication is established between GM28 and the microcontroller using a DB9 connector with a level shifter (MAX232). A level shifter is connected between the microcontroller (SKP) and the modem/computer and null modem connection is connected for the DB9 connector.The above discussed points are depicted in the Figure 9. Figure 9 Circuit for connecting the microcontroller to the modem/computer Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 13 9. Short Message Service (SMS) The GSM GM28 Modem supports the following SMS services. Sending, MO (mobile-originated) with both PDU (protocol data unit) and text mode supported. Receiving, MT (mobile-terminated) with both PDU and text mode supported. CBM (cell broadcast message), a service in which a message is sent to all subscribers located in one or more specific cells in the GSM network. This feature is network dependent.SMS STATUS REPORT according to GSM 03 . 40. SMS COMMAND according to GSM 03. 40. It should be noted that the maximum length of an SMS message is 160 characters when using 7- bit encoding. For 8-bit data, the maximum length is 140 characters. The Modem supports up to 6 concatenated messages to extend this function. Before we start working on the application design we should ensure the network subscription status Before the application is implemented, we must ensure that the chosen network provides the necessary telecommunication services. Else, the service provider should be contacted to obtain the necessary information.Since SMS features are used in this application, we have to ensure that these are included in the (voice) subscription. 10. PDU SMS format: There are two ways of sending and receiving SMS messages: by text mode and by PDU (protocol description unit) mode. We can switch from text mode to PDU mode and vice versa by selecting the AT+CMGF command. If AT+CMGF = 0 then PDU mode is selected and if the mode is 1 then text mode is selected. The text mode is just an encoding of the bit stream represented by the PDU mode. If we read the message on the phone, the phone will choose a proper encoding.An application capable of reading incoming SMS messages can thus use text mode or PDU mode. If text mode is used, the application is bound to the set of preset encoding options. In some cases, that's just not good enough. If PDU mode is used, any encoding can be implemented. The PDU string contains not only the message, but also a lot of metainformation about the sender, its SMS service center, the time stamp etc. But as of now for our application we require the phone number of the caller for authentication and the length of the message and the text message which contains the binary message.Let us take a example for the text message of â€Å"abcdef†. This message contains apart from the basic text message a lot of redundant data (meta information about the sender). In PDU mode the SMS looks li ke: 07914140279542F7000B816187220731F700006010413283900A0661F1985C3603 In TEXT mode the SMS looks like: +CMGR: â€Å"REC READ†,†16782270137†³,,†06/01/14,23:56:1720†³,129,0,0,0,†+14047259247†³,145,6 abcdef Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 14 The octets of the PDU message contain lots of information, in the above example the PDU can be divided and different octets signify the following information: 07 Length of SMSC information. 1 Type of address of SMSC. 4140279542F7 Encoded Service center number. 00 First octet of SMS delivery message. 0B Address length of the sender message. 81 Type of address of the sender number. 6187220731F7 Sender number with a trailing F. (number is 16872270137). 00 TP-Protocol Identification Address. 00 TP-Data coding Scheme. 601041328390 TP-SCTS Time stamp. 0A TP-User data length. 0661F1985C3603 Encoded Message â€Å"abcdef†. All the octets are hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, except the Service center number, the send er number and the timestamp; they are decimal semi-octets.The message part in the end of the PDU string consists of hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, but these octets represent 7-bit data. Basically the transformation of the septets to the octets is based on the GSM 03. 38 standard. This is helpful when we try to communicate with the PDU mode but if we use the CMGF command then text mode is activated to get the converted text message. So to get the message in the Text message we need to send the following commands AT+CMGF=1 to activate the text mode AT+CMGS=1 to check whether the modem supports the SMS message or not.AT+CMGR=I to read the message at the location I in the SIM card. 11. Code /*******************************************************************/ /* FILE :main. c DATE : Jan 2nd 2006 /* */ DESCRIPTION :Main Program To receive SMS from GM28 and to extract the control information part, then to control LEDs accordingly. Send the ambient temperature as SMS back to the user. AUTHORS: B. VAMSEE KRISHNA ; B. PRANEETH KUMAR */ /******************************************************************/ #include â€Å"skp_bsp. h†// include SKP board support package #include â€Å"string. h† void uartinit();Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 15 unsigned char result; char sms_text[200],sms_msg[10],num_text[10]; unsigned int f,f1,t,time=0,k=0,count=0,p=0; /* Prototype declarations */ void mcu_init(void); // MCU initialization void main(void); void timer_init(void); void uartinit(void); int map(char); #pragma INTERRUPT rx_isr void rx_isr(void); /* DEFINE QUEUES*/ #define Q_SIZE (200) typedef struct { unsigned char Data[Q_SIZE]; unsigned int Head; // points to oldest data element unsigned int Tail; // points to next free space unsigned int Size; // quantity of elements in queue Q_T; Q_T tx_q, rx_q; int Q_Empty(Q_T * q) { return q-;gt;Size == 0; } int Q_Full(Q_T * q) { return q-;gt;Size == Q_SIZE; } int Q_Enqueue(Q_T * q, unsigned char d) { // if queue is full, abort rather than overwrite and return // an error code if (! Q_Full(q)) { q-;gt;Data[q-;gt;Tail++] = d; Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 16 q-;gt;Tail %= Q_SIZE; q-;gt;Size++; return 1; // success } else return 0; // failure } unsigned char Q_Dequeue(Q_T * q) { // Must check to see if queue is empty before dequeueing unsigned char t=0; if (! Q_Empty(q)) { t = q-;gt;Data[q-;gt;Head]; -;gt;Data[q-;gt;Head++] = 0; // empty unused entries for debugging q-;gt;Head %= Q_SIZE; q-;gt;Size–; } return t; } void Q_Init(Q_T * q) { unsigned int i; for (i=0; iData[i] = 0; // to simplify our lives when debugging q->Head = 0; q->Tail = 0; q->Size = 0; } void timer_init(void) { //Timer initialisation ta0mr = 0x80;//timer mode ta0 = 0x927C;//for 50 msec delay ta0ic = 0x03;//timer priority tabsr=0x01; // starting the timer Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 17 } int map(char c) { int a=(int)c; switch (a) { case 48: return(0); break; case 49: eturn(1); break; case 50: return(2); break; case 51: return(3); break; case 52: return(4); break; case 53: return(5); break; case 54: return(6); break; case 55: return(7); break; case 56: return(8); Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 18 break; case 57: return(9); break; case 65: //returns 10 if ‘A' is entered return(10); break; case 97: //returns 10 if ‘a' is entered return(10); break; case 66: //returns 10 if ‘B' is entered return(11); break; case 98: //returns 10 if ‘b' is entered return(11); break; case 67: //returns 10 if ‘C' is entered return(12); break; ase 99: //returns 10 if ‘c' is entered return(12); break; case 68: //returns 10 if ‘D' is entered return(13); break; case 100: //returns 10 if ‘d' is entered return(13); break; case 69: //returns 10 if ‘E' is entered return(14); break; case 101: //returns 10 if ‘e' is entered Embedded Project- ECE 5101 Page 19 return(14); break; case 70: //returns 10 if ‘F' is entered return(15); break; case 102: //returns 10 if †˜f' is entered return(15); break; default: break; } } #pragma INTERRUPT timer_a0 void timer_a0(void) // the timer is set for every 50 milliseconds

Response to Ethan Watters article in the New York Times The Essay

Response to Ethan Watters article in the New York Times The Americanization of Mental Illness why does America make mental il - Essay Example Why America makes mental illness socially unacceptable or not is a long heated debate and is explained in detail. If we are able to globalize Big Mac burgers and Nike shoes, then it doesn’t seem very difficult to have same kind of illness influence around the world in other cultures. I do believe that if we can globalize clothing, restaurants, and products, then it’s not too far of a stretch that with the meshing of cultures we could also globalize our illnesses. This article explains anorexia and depression are forms of Western Illnesses and they are spreading around in various parts of the world where they were initially not described as common part of illness. The article explains us that it is because we see these medical disorders in other cultures, that is why we decide to treat them in the same way that they would b treated in Western world. However the article doesn’t seem to be concerned about the illnesses that were found in United States. This article further explains that helping those who are mentally disable is completely misleading as one shoe cannot fit everyone. According to United States, people who are suffering from mental disorders are being imposed with economic stress. This in turn acts as a negative impact on the most fruitful years of work. This not only affects the individual but its family and mainly the society bringing great economic loss. This is also one of the reasons why United States make mental illness socially unacceptable. Stigmatizers usually assume that an individual who is stigmatized will eventually engage in immoral behavior towards others. It further describes that patients with mental disorders place great pressure on the society and are a source of potential danger towards citizens living around and the society on a whole. This dangerousness of the mentally ill people usually occurs due to poor habits that were previously inculcated in them. Mentally ill people are not only a threat for themselve s but they also lack certain human qualities that a normal human being has. It is because, mental illness is not related to ones will or within one’s control but it is a biological foundation that will remain out of control of an individual. However, Professor Bennett Leventhal of the University of Illinois Medical Center argued that this perspective is at odds with the campaign’s intent, which was to â€Å" ‘†¦speak to the point that these are real diseases and if you don’t do something they can consume your child’ † (as cited in Kaufman, 2007). This mental illness aids in social exclusion and also impedes recovery. Mental illness is an experience that is extremely isolating. This isolation can further be worsened if it gets combined with other experiences of isolation and social stigma. People get socially isolated and enter its vicious cycle after they are diagnosed with their mental disorder. This diagnosis is also disturbing as it n ot heals an individual back to normal but it further deteriorates the situation and leads to greater isolation from society. This mental illness damages the society as whole because it proves difficulties in maintaining relationships, maintaining daily tasks and informal and formal networks. As we move further, there are laws that also highlights the low significance of mentally ill people in the society and the laws that are specially derived for such

Theoretical Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theoretical Approaches - Essay Example In line with this, chaos theory suggests that a business organization is made up of different departments that are interconnected with one another and that each department is being managed by managers with different set of opinions and ideas (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 128). On the other hand, complexity theory suggests that the internal system of a business organization is not only self-organizing but also evolving (Ferlie, 2007). Since chaos and complexity theories both recognize the importance of implementing organizational change and flexibility within the workforce (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009; Ferlie, 2007; Grobman, 2005; Schriver, 2004, p. 456), it makes sense that this theory can strengthen the development of organizational culture. Similar to the theory of chaos and complexity, the theory of dialectical also strengthens organizational culture in the sense that it promotes â€Å"conflict resolution† (Chapin, 2008, p. 284). Autopoiesis mean â€Å"self production† (Sori, 2009, p. 22). Unlike the three other theories mentioned earlier, the theory of autopoiesis is more focused on the importance of retaining each employee’s self identity or retaining the existing organizational culture (Mavrinac, 2006). For this reason, the theory of autopoiesis weakens organizational culture in the sense that it actually slows down the process of implementing organizational change (Morgan, 1997, p.

Ethics in communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in communication - Essay Example The word ethics are described as fundamental will to do and or once self properly in the society. Ethics is a Greek word that means to appeal. It shows concern for honorable people with dependable personality and appropriate behavior. It plays a major role in deciding what is good and what is bad (Ward). In journalism, many ethical issues need to be followed when reporting or publishing any information. This is because any information disseminated by journalists is taken with the seriousness and weight they come with. The ramifications of this information can be dire. Journalists are guided on how to carry out themselves by a code of ethics. One of the most important ethical issues is a journalist shall desist from any information or action that may harm the reputation of the journalist or to his organization. Journalists deal a lot with information and there is need to verify information before airing or publishing it. In addition, they are supposed to carry out themselves with good conduct and in a manner to portray their professionalism. A journalist should not accept bribes or gifts to give any favors. In addition, he should not threaten anyone with the publication of damaging materials. Journalists have access to a lot of information and at times, they are bribed or they are tempted to threaten individuals with this information. Doing this will be going against code of ethics. It will undermine the quality of publications and the vows that a journalist is sworn under (journalism ethics). Ethical issues in advertising (sexism and children) Advertising is the driving force behind many businesses. They help consumers know what products are in the market. The objective of an advertisement is to wow the customer and convince the customer to buy the product. For many years, advertisements have been criticized for the way they portray the message. These critics have been because of the advertisements flaunting ethical issues. Advertising is also guided by ethics that allow fair play and creation of good advertisements (Singh, Vij). The two issues that this advertisement faults are sexism and children. Sexism is used in advertising as an attraction tool in many advertisements. This is because the female figure attracts attention (Kuluttaja). Sexism is used in advertising in many ways. One way of using sexism is showing a half naked body in an advertisement, also two people having intimate moments in an advertisemen

Monetary Policy of the FED during the Economic Crisis Essay

Monetary Policy of the FED during the Economic Crisis - Essay Example et operations by engaging in aggressive purchase of treasury securities and in December 2008, they extended the operations to the purchase of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities. By the end of 2008, the FED reported to have purchased agency mortgages backed securities worth US $1.25 trillion, and it increased its purchase of agency debt by up to US$ 200 billion. Thirdly, by mid 2009, the FED had purchased long-term treasury securities worth US $300 billion in order to improve the level of liquidity in private credit markets (Brezina, 123-127). The result of the open market operations is demonstrated in the chart below, which show that increase in the purchase of securities resulted in the increase of cash supply in the U.S economy. Figure: Impact of open market operations Reserve requirement In the writings by Timberlake, he stated that the reserve requirement is a method of credit control that is normally applied by the FED to control the money market by determining the level of cash that is available within the economy (89-95). The reserve requirement draws its basis from the fact that commercial banks keep cash reserves with the FED and then this reserve is maintained for the purpose of liquidity and for providing the means for credit control. Brezina stated that as a way of responding to the economic crisis between 2007 and 2009, the FED through the reserve requirement policy decreased the minimum reserve ratio that all commercial bank and other financial institutions offering the service of deposit taking keep at the FED’s reserve (198-202). This action was aimed at increasing the power of credit creation by the commercial banks so that the general economy can access more credit and therefore, plunge out of the economic recession. Discount rate According... This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System, carried out to mitigate the negative impacts of the financial crisis and to restore the economic growth in the United States. The three monetary policies are discussed and they are deemed effective in ensuring the increase in the circulation of money in the general economy, thereby resolving the liquidity crisis and facilitating more economic activities to continue or kick-start. One of the key functions of the Federal Reserve Bank (FED) is the regulation of currency or credit in order to reflect the needs of the business community and the general economy and for the purpose of carrying out the broad monetary policy adopted by the U.S government. Monetary policy is the action of a Central Bank, which influences the size and rate of growth of the money supply. The open market operations as the purchase or the sale of securities that include long-term and short-term in the open market by the FED. The reserve requirement is a method of credit control that is normally applied by the FED to control the money market by determining the level of cash that is available within the economy. The discount rate is the rate at which the FED normally discounts the first class bills or will advance loans to commercial banks. This discount rate affects the cost and availability of credit and in particular, a change in the rate of the discount leads to a corresponding change in the money market rate

Gay Marriage Is Nothing Different Than Straight Marriage Assignment

Gay Marriage Is Nothing Different Than Straight Marriage - Assignment Example The assignment "Gay Marriage Is Nothing Different Than Straight Marriage" analyzes gay marriages and proves that they are nothing different than straight marriages. Nowadays, homosexual marriages exist in 15 countries of the world, including most areas of the United States and several Mexican states, as well as Scotland, England and Wales. It is very important to distinguish between the notions of homosexual marriage and homosexual union. The second one presupposes mutual living and time spending, while the fact of registration of marriage provides various rights for a couple. It includes the right to joint property, inheritance rights, social and health insurance, tax rebates and credits, the right to a name, the right not to testify in court against a spouse. The other advantages include the right to speak on a trustee behalf of a spouse in case of his incapacity due to the health conditions, the right to share parenting and education of foster children and other advantages, unavai lable for unregistered couples. â€Å"Nine states and the District, encompassing about 15 percent of the U.S. population, have legalized gay marriage. This includes three states whose voters approved it on Nov. 6. Though it was opposed by a clear majority, 57 percent to 35 percent, in a 2001 Pew Research Center poll, gay marriage now enjoys a 48 percent plurality†. The legislation of the US refers the family law to the jurisdiction of the states, which put the issue of gay marriages entirely in the hands of state governments.

Business Strategy High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Strategy High School - Essay Example Their size has left them vulnerable to more flexible competition that can produce at a lower cost. Opportunities: They have an ideal opportunity to substantially expand their market share in the cordless market. Though the distributor network is currently a weak spot, Smith and White has an opportunity to restructure their distribution to their benefit. Their large size and brand recognition would give them the opportunity to form channel partnerships or enter direct marketing outlets such as through a web site. Threats: Their largest competitor, Makatume, can compete on price. Makatume has older battery technology, but has the cost structure to develop new technology, enter that market, and pre-empt Smith and White. Smith and White would be forced into a follower position on technology and price. Also, Able is on the horizon with a strong cordless product. They have been seeking a buyout or merger, which could reinvigorate them as a major threat. There are also several smaller companies that have no barriers to expanding and innovating. Smith and White needs to take 3 aggressive actions: Reduce costs, enter the battery market, and differentiate the professional line. This would be accomplished by making the professional and consumer lines separate business units. Relocate the manufacturing of the professional line to a lower cost environment. Develop a superior cordless line for the professional products to compete directly with Makatume and re-brand it with a similar but more robust image. The rebranding would have the required fundamental changes to the product to create a positive market acceptance (DeYoung 2006). The brand recognition and battery technology would differentiate the product. This would hold off the need to compete on price (Day & Reibstein 1997 p.36). Smith and White would be in a superior position with newer technology and higher voltages. Smith and White should then use the battery technology and transfer it to their consumer brands and take market share from Able Co. These products could be sold through distributor partners. Resources would need to be dedicated to rebuilding the distributor relationship, but this will be vital. The long-range plans would include renovation or relocation of the consumer business to a lower cost area. SWOT Analysis: Strategic Planning Makatume Strengths: Makatume's dominant place in Japan's market gives them a great force for entry into the US market. They can easily increase their revenue by capturing shares of the US market. They would not be in a position to need to spend resources protecting an existing position. They also have the advantage of their new plants and their low cost structure. Their dedication to the professional market has simplified development and marketing. Weaknesses: Though their dedication to the professional line can be a strength, it is also a limitation. It limits the market and restricts the outlets. Their current battery design is old and needs redeveloped. This will drain resources in the near term. They also suffer from low brand recognition in the US. Threats: The most immediate threat is the exchange rate fluctuation. It may make it difficult to borrow or finance any expansion. They are also threatened by the several competitors that have a small market share. Makatume has no particular advantage over them.

Is acupuncture an effetive treatment for Insomnia Dissertation

Is acupuncture an effetive treatment for Insomnia - Dissertation Example The main objective of this research is to conduct a review of literature and assess whether acupuncture is an effective treatment for insomnia. Insomnia Defined Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep for an adequate length of time, so that tiredness is virtually permanent (Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary 2007, p.370). According to the British United Provident Association (2011), primary and secondary insomnia are the two classifications of insomnia. Primary insomnia has no noticeable grounds while secondary insomnia is caused by an underlying problem, such as stressful events, psychiatric problems, medical conditions, drug and substance abuse, certain types of medication and psychological problems such as grief and depression. Moreover, the National Health Service (NHS) described insomnia as either short term insomnia which lasts for one to four weeks, and long-term (or persistent) insomnia, which persists for more than four weeks. According to the NHS (year), if a person has been diagnosed with short term insomnia, their GP will generally advise them on good sleep hygiene, and if the insomnia is affecting him/her during the day, then the GP may prescribe sleeping tablets. Moreover, if a person has been diagnosed with long term Insomnia, their GP will recommend the same as for short term Insomnia, along with cognitive and behavioural treatments (CBT). Additionally, if the patient is over 55 years old, the GP may consider prescribing Melatonin. Kaptchuk (2000, p. 191) describes insomnia in Chinese texts as â€Å"Yang unable to enter Yin†. This typically suggests that Blood or Yin or both are insufficient and not able to sustain the Spirit in the Heart. There is therefore a relative oversupply of the Yang, which is not in equilibrium and is unable to calm down in balance. An oversupply of the Yang or Fire in any other organ can also be a reason for insomnia. The persistent desire to sleep, or oversleeping, is often a sign of Deficie nt Yang, Deficient Qi, or Dampness. Under Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), when a person suffers from insomnia, one generally tends to find that the two organs that are most often out of balance are the Heart and the Liver. Each of these two organs houses a specific aspect of the spirit. The Heart houses the mind (Shen) and the Liver houses the ethereal soul (Hun). If these organs are out of balance, they will not be able to house the spirit properly, and the spirit will wander (Kaptchuk 2000). According to Maciocia (2005) sleep generally depends on the state of Blood and Yin, especially that of the Heart and Liver. During the night the Yin Qi predominates, and the mind and ethereal soul should be anchored in Heart Blood and Liver Blood. If the mind and/or ethereal soul are not anchored, a sleep disturbance is likely to occur. Research Aim The present paper aims to review pertinent literature to ascertain the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of insomia among adults. Research Hypotheses Ho: Acupuncture is not an effective treatment for insomnia. Ha: Acupuncture is an effective treatment for insomnia. Method The current paper makes use of critical review of literature to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture as a treatment method for insomnia. This entailed the search of

Operational Plan Essay Example for Free

Operational Plan Essay Offices Assistant Operational Plan Goal Increase the sales in each store by 10% by June 2013 Objectives: a) include graphic design services b) Acquisition of additional printer, photocopier and delivery van. c) Reorganize of fixtures and fitting within the store to make space for the equipment d) Multi-skill current retail product staff to include service knowledge. e) Increase in human resource requirements. Strategy In order to increase the sales, the company will need to employee 10 more people with costumer service background, and provide the correct training of the products and services. Consultation Stakeholder Role in the Problem Consultation Method Senior Management Team Decision Maker feedback session email communications newsletters Store Manager Develop an operational plan Meetings group meetings interviews Employees Implementers of the plan Focus groups Brainstorming sessions Feedback sessions. Suppliers Supply equipment Email communication Newsletters Customers Email communication Newsletters Media Involved in the advertisement ex Email communication Newsletters Actions: In order to complete the organization goal and objectives the following are the action that should be taken: a) Include a graphic designer The Marketing department need to advertise the position of graphic designer. Responsible: Manager of the area Timeframe: 18 Oct 2013 to 18 of November 2013 Budget: 500 b) Acquisition of additional printer, photocopier and delivery van To increase the sales, The Company will need to provide additional equipment. Responsible: Store Manager Time frame: 20 Oct 2013 to 18 of November 2013 Budget: 2500 c) Make space for the new equipment Reorganize of fixtures and fitting within the store to make space for the equipment. Responsible: Store Manager Time frame: 15 Oct 2013 to 20 November 2013 Budget: 1000 d) Training Multi-skill current retail product staff to include service knowledge. Responsible: Store Manager and team members Time frame: 18November to 30 November 2013 Budget: 2000 e) Recruitment 10 more people have to be hired. Responsible: Store managers and Manager of specific Areas. Time frame: 20 Oct to 18 November 2013 Contingence plan If the strategy of increasing the sales 10% by next year doesn’t work after the high season(November to January). We will need to focus more in how to advertise more the products and services provided. Because we already have the trained people to continue to project. The Marketing department need to focus in a strategy to get more costumers to increase the sales. Outcome: To increase the sales by 10% by next year. The company need to invest in the project $6000. That include a graphic design services, acquisition and organization of new equipment. Recruitment and training. Approval Name Position Date Sing Carolina Prieto Senior Management Carolina Prieto David Garcia Store Manger David Garcia

Three Scenarios Essay Example for Free

Three Scenarios Essay In a particular art industry there are clients that insist to the company to use artworks even though the company does not have the license to use the designs requested by the customers. The client’s demands that the images concerned are to be used. This is about work ethics on copyright issues; theoretically the company is not accountable for the content of the standard design, it is the client’s responsibility. In such situations and argument that would occur between the client and the company it is best to discuss the meaning of copyright because not all people have the idea about copyright. Other employees can walk away from the job but as an employee with work ethics the problem should be solved in a manner that no harm will happen for the company and the client. Misunderstanding about certain facts and issues are sometimes just the root of losing ethics in the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an employee of a certain company you have a long term client, wherein the client’s business is so familiar to the company, one day the the client has approached the employee and ask if he could render service on them using the experience that the employee has gained from they company wherein he is presently working this is an option for the employee if e will accept the offer. But this is a representation for such conflict of interest that would affect the company that has trained and trusted the employee, this will affect the company and it should have preparations if such things happen o its employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An employee comes to work always late until such time that it was noticed by the human resource officer and warn the employee that if he continue such work ethics he will be receiving a warning for dismissal, but it was again repeated by the employee and after that he received a letter of termination from the company. This is a wrong ethics from the employer for they had violated the rule they have given for every employee. Each employee has equal right to be given fair treatment for such codes or rules implemented by the company.

Differences Of Lying And Not Telling The Truth

Differences Of Lying And Not Telling The Truth Lying and not-telling the truth are different in their own right, and have moral and ethical implications associated with each one. This is not merely a matter of semantics; it is a matter of substance. By the use of analogy, there are major difference between justified and unjustified homicide. Murder is unjustified homicide and will always be considered wrong by a moral society. Not every instance of killing a person, however, is considered murder. In scenarios of capital punishment and self-defense occasions can justified homicide. Similarly, in the case of a lie there is an unjustified discrepancy between what you believe and what you say, and so lying is may always be considered immoral. In some circumstances, not telling the truth in order to preserve a higher moral law may well be considered the right thing to do and thus is not actually a lie. While Kant asserted that lying, or deception of any kind, should be forbidden under any interpretation and in any circumstance. He stated this because if it is universally acceptable to lie, then no one would believe anyone and all truths would always be assumed to be lies or deceptions. He also stated that the right to deceive an individual couldnt also be used because it would discard the rights of the person being deceived as an end in itself. Therefore, Kant denied the right to lie or deceive any person for any reason, regardless of context or anticipated consequences. While Kant proclaimed this notion of never lying, there are pitfalls in his universalizing. Throughout these examples the pitfalls of Kants universal laws will be exposed. There are several circumstances that not telling the truth wouldnt be considered a lie. For instance in the case of national security, the United States government might omit or falsify information that is given to the public to ultimately protect their own interests or assets. For example, General H. Norman Schwarzkopf during the lead up to the first Gulf War he was known to give many press conferences leading up to the invasion. During these press conferences not all the information that he presented regarding his invasion strategy could be considered a full truth. During this time Schwarzkopf would have falsified information about the invasion date to the media, in effort to deceive them. While knowing that this information was a non-truth, this information mislead the enemy and gave the United States military a strategic advantage. In effect by not-telling the truth, Schwarzkopf gave the military the element of surprise, which could have resulted in saving thousands of American l ives. Should Schwarzkopf be considered a liar in this case? In this case, while Schwarzkopf had been telling false-truths it was done for moral reasons and shouldnt be considered a lie. Since the ends justify the means it is morally acceptable by not telling the truth and it shouldnt be construed as a lie. While in the previous scenario not telling the truth isnt considered lying, there are other situations cannot be interpreted in the same fashion. If an omission of the truth is used to mislead or deceive someone for your own greater ends, or for an immoral goal, then the non-truth cannot be construed in the same way. For instance during the most recent financial collapse many banks and financial firms mislead the country and their clients about the value of different products they were trying to sell. Since their intentions were to mislead, or deceive their clients on the sole purpose to turn a profit, thus it cannot be considered a morally justified act. If the intentions of these firms like Goldman Sachs wasnt done to mislead, but done in the interests of their clients, unknowing the unfortunate consequences. Then this company shouldnt be considered a liar, but unfortunately they knowing lied and mislead their clients. Since the act was done for malice, and for their own greed, the n their act of deception must be considered a blatant lie. While in most cases, such as the ones already presented the distinction between lying and not-telling the truth are made quite clear. On the other hand, these distinctions cannot always be viewed in black and white, but in varying shades of gray. If the intentions of the lie is not done for your own self-interests, or for your own ends, but done in a manner to save a person from embarrassment and humiliation, thus it cannot be considered a lie. For example if a loved one asks am I over weight? While knowing all along the answer is yes is it in their best interest and yours to be absolutely blunt with them? If their condition isnt life threating or will cause ailment to the individual in the future, then the act of lying to protect their feelings isnt morally wrong and should be considered a lie. If your wife asks you does this dress look good? while knowing all along that you dont like the dress, telling her what she wants to hear doesnt harm or effect anyone. If in the situation you have nothing to gain and your purpose is to protect the other person from pain or grief then not telling the truth, may be the right thing to do and therefore morally acceptable. While distinctions between lying or not-telling the truth can be made. Is the omission of details considered lying? For instants lets say you are being interrogated for a crime, during the interrogation you answer all the questions truthfully and only answer the question that was precisely given. Even though you might have committed this crime, should the omission of details shouldnt be considered lying? Its the fault of the interrogator not asking the proper questions during the interview which lead them from not discovering the whole truth. Thus since no false-truths were given to any of the questions the one being interrogated shouldnt be perceived as a liar. Throughout this essay many examples were given to help clarify the distinction between lying and not-telling the truth. In all cases, to label someone a liar certain factors must be met to determine whether an individual telling a lie or just simply not-telling the truth. The most major underlying distinctions between them is the intentions of the person telling the lie. If the lie is done so in a manner that doesnt harm or cause pain to the person, and has moral and ethical intentions, then the person shouldnt be considered a liar. Contrariwise, if the individuals intentions are to deceive or cause harm to another individual, then the intentions are clear on what they wish to achieve, thus should be labeled a liar.

Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning    Some biotechnology companies claim that a ban on producing human embryos through cloning would stall important research in generating "stem cells" to cure a variety of diseases [Cong. Record, 2/5/98, S425]. To put this claim in perspective:    1. Cloning is desired as a source of "customized stem cell lines" which would be an exact genetic match to each individual patient with a given disease. But this would require each individual patient to undergo somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce one or many living human embryos who genetically are the patient's identical twin sisters or brothers. These embryos would then be destroyed to provide embryonic stem cells.    Two methods of obtaining the cells have been described. In one, the embryo is allowed to develop normally for a week or two to the blastocyst stage, at or after the usual time of implantation in the mother's womb; then this embryo, consisting of hundreds of cells, is dissected for its stem cells. The other method is to introduce molecular signals into the embryo's environment to "trick" its cells into departing from normal development and instead producing "a mass of undifferentiated tissue," which can then be reprogrammed into various kinds of cells [Lee Silver, Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World (Avon Books 1997), p. 128]. In either case, the living embryo is destroyed.    2. This avenue for providing medical benefits has been described even by supporters as "largely conjectural" (J. Kassirer and N. Rosenthal, in New England Journal of Medicine, March 26, 1998, p. 905). President Clinton's National Bioethics Advisory Commission called it "a rather expensive and far-fetched scenario." The Commission observed: "Because of ethical and moral concerns raised by the use of embryos for research purposes it would be far more desirable to explore the direct use of human cells of adult origin to produce specialized cells or tissues for transplantation into patients." The Commission outlined three alternative avenues for promising research using stem cells that do not involve human cloning, two of which do not use human embryos at all (Cloning Human Beings: Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, June 1997, pp. 30-31).    The Commission's Alternatives    The alternatives outlined by President Clinton's Commission are as follows:    1. Generating "a few, widely used and well characterized human embryonic stem cell lines, genetically altered to prevent graft rejection in all possible recipients.

East Timor :: essays research papers

The Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor is one of the worst atrocities of this century. The occupation has claimed the lives of over 200,000 Timorese people, one-third of the original population. It continues in defiance of the United Nations Security Council which has twice called on Jakarta to withdraw "without delay" as well as eight General Assembly Resolutions. It has been maintained with the help of the United States. East Timor, occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, which lies between Indonesia and Australia (approximately 300 miles north of Darwin), East Timor is has lots of mountains and is culturally diverse. There are 12 main language groups in East Timor. Today, Tetun is the main East Timorese language with Portuguese spoken among older generations and Bahasa Indonesia among the young. A former Portuguese colony, East Timor is recognized by the United Nations as a non-self-governing territory due for decolonization. It was on the agenda of the U.N. agenda long before Indonesia invaded and has been the subject of on and off negotiations, mediated by the U.N. Secretary-General between Portugal and Indonesia since 1983. These talks resulted in the Tripartite agreement to allow a vote on an Indonesian plan to grant East Timor a degree of autonomy. That Indonesia government has agreed that if the East Timorese reject autonomy in the U.N.-organized vote, it will repeal its annexation of East Timor. A U.N.-supervised transition to independence would then occur. Right now, Peace Brigades International is establishing, upon the written request of the East Timorese Human Rights groups, a permanent presence of international volunteers in East Timor.

The Triangular Silas Marner Essay -- Silas Marner Essays

The Triangular Silas Marner      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of betrayal, Silas Marner of George Eliot's so titled novel becomes a man in body without incurring any of the duties normally associated with nineteenth century working class adults. Eliot creates these unusual circumstances by framing our title-hero so it appears to his comrades that he has stolen money. Thereby, she effectively rejects innocent Marner from his community and causes him to lose his fiancà ©. At this pivotal moment in Marner's life, just as he is about to assume fully the role of a man, depended upon as such by his neighbors, future wife and probable children, he is excised and does not successfully complete the transformation. Accordingly, he moves on to a new place, Raveloe, with the same carefree lack of responsibility as a boy, who is clearly unable to act like the man he seems he should be.    By denying Marner the possibility of a traditional family from the start, Eliot immediately brings forward the question of family values. A question that she answers in the course of her novel. Jeff Nunokawa, in his essay The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity, claims that Eliot "simply" shows "support for family values" (Nunokawa 273), and that she "encourages" them through her narrative (Nunokawa 290). As evidence, he cites quotations from the text that paint, as he puts it, "men [living] without women... in a barren region" (Nunokawa 273). Adeptly, he points to Eliot's line, "The maiden was lost... and then what was left to them?'" (Nunokawa 273). Furthermore, Nunokawa goes on to label the moral implications of the novel as those of a "blunt dichotomy," saying that Eliot hands her reader "the ... ... for it is the middle ground between its own two opposites, which include the possibilities of not having a family at all and going with the one you are biologically given. Silas Marner is not a tale of black and white, right and wrong, it is more complex and aims to depict at least three angles -- if not more that I have, as of yet, failed to unravel.    Bibliography Carroll, David, "Reversing the Oracles of Religion," Casebook Series on George Eliot, Ed. R. P. Draper. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1977. Cave, Terence, "Introduction to Oxford World Classic's Silas Marner" (see following entry for details.) Eliot, George. Silas Marner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Nunokawa, Jeff, "The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity," Victorian Studies, 1993, Spring, v. 36. pp. 273-390.   

What Massage Is the Poet Trying to Convey About “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

What massage is the poet trying to convey about â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade†? In the poem â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† Alfred Tennyson tries to convey the readers to honor the qualities of the actual Light Brigade. With the use of figurative language, effective structure and techniques he achieve to show the determination and bravery of the six hundred soldiers that fought in the Brigade. Tennyson firstly introduce us to the heroes of the poem in the first stanza when he says â€Å"All in the valley of Death rode the six hundred†.This metaphor show the bravery of the â€Å"six hundred† because they where riding towards their death. The personification of Death suggest that something terrible happened to the soldiers, and the phrase â€Å"valley of Death† helps the creation of an image of the setting,uncertain and terrible, which the six hundred where riding towards. Tennyson then decides to put a man shouting a military order, â €Å"Charge for the guns†. He leaves the person unknown to emphasize at the brave men and that they were following orders. The word â€Å"guns† confirms that the destination of the Brigade was towards their death.The stanza ends with the repetition of the lines † into the valley of death rode the six hundred† to emphasize more their fatal lost and their strength to face death. The message of the poem is described using a variety of techniques. The rhetorical question â€Å"Was there a man dismayed? † Suggest that the soldiers didn't lost their courage and they didn't overcomes by terror while facing the death. This shows the loyalty and toughness of the heroes. The rhetorical question is contrasting with the following group of lines â€Å"Theirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die†.There is alliteration being used. These lines sum up the heroism and nobility of the six hundred, which they did their job without reasoning, without replying even that their lives where based on that. Tennyson attempts to make us feel the way the soldiers did when they where surrounded, by using onomatopoeia through the lines â€Å"Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them†. The use of senses(optic and hearing) successfully help the reader to feel the moment, the terror of the soldiers as well as understanding better the quality of heir pride and strength to keep fighting and not be overcome by their fears. Their bravery is being described by the phrase â€Å"Bodly they rode and well†. There is a powerful personification of â€Å"jaws of Death/mouth of Hell† which represent the battlefield and the dangers, which again emphasize how heroic the men fought but it contrasting again with their fatal lost. Tennyson tries to show the response of the world to this charge by saying † charging an army while all the world wondered†. Tennyson imagines that th e viewers of the battle are wondering with awe and amazement.At the end of stanza four, the poet through the phrase â€Å"Then they rode back, but not, not the six hundred† shows that the charge has ended, the soldiers are turning back. The repetition of the word â€Å"not† shows the terrible casualties of the Light Brigade, the lost of many men out of the six hundred. Furthermore, Tennyson recognize the soldiers as heroes as he emphasizes to the lost of their life † while horse and hero fell†. There is a vivid image been created of the horse and the hero fall to the ground dead. The poem last stanza begins with a rhetorical question â€Å"When can their glory fade?The speaker tries to make the soldiers of the Light Brigade legends, to emphasize that their glory should never fade. Tennyson want us to remember the Light Brigade as a â€Å"wild charge† and repeats the line â€Å"all the world wondered† this time Tennyson is referring to us, to show that we should be amazed with the wild charge of the brave heroes and we should wonder for their strength and pride. The poem ends with some commands â€Å"Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred†. These commands summarize the purpose of the poem, to tell us, that we should remember and respect these noble war heroes, to honor their lives.

Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay

About five hundred old ages back, the sum of clip required to go a thousand stat mi was more than yearss and sometimes even months. Back so, the ordinary people used to go by pes and merely the rich could afford carnal driven carts. This wastage of clip was reduced by the debut of engine powered autos and trains. Even though these vehicles were faster than the carnal driven carts, it still took yearss to go around 1000 stat mis. Therefore another agency of transit had to be invented by which this clip wastage could be diminished. Thus the Wright brother ‘s was able to do the first plane, which could go much faster than the trains and autos. Thus the clip required to go was drastically decreased by the innovation of planes. Due to the immense progresss in engineering in the twenty-first century, there are planes that can go even faster than sound. These planes take less than an hr to go more than thousand stat mis. Travel by the agencies of air has become the most fastest and co mmon method of conveyance particularly for great distances. At the present state of affairs, we can go around the universe in less than a twenty-four hours unlike the yesteryear when it used to take months to make so. Therefore we can now go anyplace in the universe by the clip we have a little sleep and a java. But as in most instances of technological promotions, we can non accomplish such great effort without a monetary value. One such monetary value we had to pay over and over once more is the lives of the person that was lost in the legion aeroplane clangs we had of all time since we started utilizing the aeroplane. The aeroplane clangs have claimed oven 10 thousand lives in the last decennary in over 1800 accidents. Though the figure of accidents has been reduced to half the figure a decennary back, the figure of decease tolls has n't decreased much. This is because as the engineering increased, the figure of riders on a flight additions. Earlier merely about 100 people could go in a plane and now there are flights that can suit more than 500. Thus the figure of riders involved in one accident increased and even though there are fewer accidents, two or three are adequate to take more than 10 00 lives. Aviation human deaths have existed since the clip of the innovation of planes. The first of it happening on one of the theoretical accounts of the Wright brothers doing decease of a rider on board and hurts to Orville Wright himself. Get downing that incident certain safety characteristics were added to the plane in order to cut down accidents. The air power safety equipment industry has become a really large one and now is a billion-dollar industry on its ain. The air power safety has improved significantly over the past hundred old ages of its execution. Over the last few old ages more than 95 % of the people in U.S. plane clangs have survived as a consequence of the new safety characteristics introduced in them. One of the most terrific air power accidents was the Tenerife incident. It is the catastrophe that has caused the highest figure of human deaths. More than five 100 50 people died in this catastrophe. This occurred when a KLM Boing 747 collided with a Pan Am747 at Los Rodeos Airport in Spain. The cause of the clang was the pilot ‘s mistake. The pilot of the KLM flight attempted to takeoff without clearance and collided with the taxiing Pan American flight. This incident was wholly the error on the side of the pilot but there are certain 1s that are besides caused due to mechanical failure. The clang of the JAL Flight 123 was one such instance. About five 100s 20 were dead in this accident when the aircraft underwent an explosive decompression due to an falsely repaired aft force per unit area bulkhead. This occurred in mid flight and destroyed most of the flights perpendicular stabilizer. This besides severed all of the hydraulic lines, doing it virtually unmanageable. In this instance the pilots were more experience but their experience could merely maintain the plane winging for a few more. The plane eventually crashed into a mountain doing it the single-aircraft catastrophe with the most figure of human deaths. This was a instance of chiefly mechanical jobs and non the pilot ‘s mistake. The debut of the airborne hit turning away system was done after the 1996 Chakhri Dadri mid-air hit. In this accident a Saudia Flight 763 crashed on an Air Kazakhstan flight 1907 when the Kazakh pilot was winging lower than the height he was given clearance to. This accident claimed 349 lives, which includes all the crew and riders aboard both the flights. The airborne hit turning away system gives information about any aircrafts or winging objects nearby thereby assisting the pilot to alter its class in order to forestall hit. As the engineering became advanced, the velocity with which the aircrafts could wing increased every bit good as the safety characteristics required to go at those velocities. One of the greatest planes of all time made was the Concorde. It was considered as an air power icon and an technology wonder. This aeroplane was powered by a fanjet engine, which made it possible for it to go faster than sound. This supersonic rider plane made the clip required to go to any topographic point half the current clip required. The production of these planes was stopped shortly after the Air France flight 4590 ‘s clang. This was a Concorde flight scheduled from Charles de Gaulle airdrome to JKF airdrome. It crashed into a hotel in Gonesse, France shortly after its takeoff. All nine crewmembers and one hundred riders on board could non last the accident. This incident took topographic point due to a concatenation of mistakes and the chief one being transcending the maximal takeoff weight bound . This bound was non exceeded by a little sum but by a ton. Though the flight could hold handled this inordinate weight, the flight could non takeoff decently because the centre of gravitation of the whole weight was concentrated on the rear of the flight. Besides a Ti metal strip fell out of a Continental Air flight during takeoff five proceedingss before the takeoff this flight. The runway staff did non make the necessary measure to inspect the track and take this seventeen-inch long dust. It was a portion of the protocol for Concorde takeoff readying that the track should be inspected before takeoff. As a consequence of this debris lying on the track, it cut a Sur of the Concorde flight tearing it. Due to the centripetal forces, a piece from the Sur that weighed ten lbs struck the bottom of the aircrafts flying construction with velocity more than 300 miles per hour. Though this did non straight tear any fuel armored combat vehicles, it send out a force per unit area moving ridge doing one of its fuel armored combat vehicle to tear at its weakest point. This was the fuel armored combat vehicle that was overfilled before during fuel transportation. Either the electric discharge of the landing cogwheel or some severed electric overseas telegram ignited the leaking fuel. Due to this fire, both engine one and two surged and lost all its power. But after a few seconds, engine one recovered but a big fire was developed around the 2nd engine. Thus the First Engineer had to close down the engine two in order to forestall spreading of fire. Since the flight had crossed the minimal velocity to takeoff, the crew continued takeoff, but the crew was non able to make so decently with the staying three engines as the cut off overseas telegrams prevented the abjuration of the undercarriage. Thus the plane could non derive a velocity more than 200 knots and a maximal height of 200 foot. The increasing fire caused the wing to disintegrate due to highly high temperature. The Engine one surged once more but failed to retrieve this clip. Due to the uneven push on the flight, the flight started to bank to one side for more than 100 grades. The crew seeking to level the plane, slowed down the other two engines. This caused the flight to free it airspeed and made it impossible for the crew to command it and the plane started to procrastinate and accordingly clang. After this clang, the usage of Concorde flights for rider transit was stopped until the probe of this instance was done. The people to be held responsible were the land staf fs who were responsible to do certain that the track was clear. â€Å" Experts claim the supersonic aircraft hit a piece of isolated Ti from another aircraft, puncturing its Sur which set off a concatenation reaction that caused the catastrophe. â€Å" ( Airline Industry Information, 2004 ) . If the land staff would hold done review decently, the whole catastrophe could hold been prevented. Another incident occurred when the Uruguayan Air Force flight 571 transporting 45 people, including a rugger squad crashed into Andes. More than 10 people died in the clang and some others by the hurts and the cold conditions. But the remainder was rescued after 70 yearss of this incident. This accident was because of the bad conditions, which restricted the flight of the plane above 30000 pess. Besides the whole country of the mountains was covered in clouds, which lowered the visibleness of the pilot. Due to low visibleness the plane crashed into a extremum, which caused wreckage to one of its wings thereby taking the control out of the pilot and crashing the plane. Though the pilot was non cognizant of these state of affairss, the copilot was. â€Å" The pilot had non been winging the plane, but the co-pilot had crossed the Andes before. † ( Read, 1975 ) . The co-pilot still could non salvage the plane but made his best to make so. One of the accidents that has been caused due to mechanical failures and no crew could hold avoided was the Valujet Flight 592 incident. It claimed 110 lives in that accident. This was because of some expired O generators place in the lading compartment by the care contractors of Valujet. There was a little fire in the lading compartment and harmonizing to normal processs the fire would hold extinguished itself as this was an air-tight compartment and every bit shortly as the O supply in this compartment was finished, the fire would snuff out itself. But the O generators produced more O doing the fire to increase and get away that compartment. This caused a force per unit area difference aboard and made the pilot free his control. The Fire eventually spread throughout the plane. This was n't the mistake of the crewmembers but the mistake of the care company. â€Å" No air hose forces made any errors in the operation of the plane ; an O generator accident could hold occurred on any a ir hose. In short, ValuJet was below the belt criticized for an accident that had nil to make with the operation of the plane. â€Å" ( Cobb, 2003 ) Not merely mechanical failure and pilot mistake, but besides the Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act has proved to be one of the major causes of air clangs. One of the major victims of the terrorist onslaught was the Air India flight 182. This plane crashed off the southwest seashore of Ireland when a bomb held in the lading went away. Everyone aboard the flight died including 22 crewmembers doing a sum of 329. This was the act of the Sikh extremists revenging the onslaught of the authorities on the Golden Temple. The bomb was kept in a bag of a rider who did non board the flight but his luggage did. Thereafter this event certain security steps were maid to guarantee that the luggage ‘s of any individual non going was to be offloaded of the plane before its takeoff. The terrorist bombardment of the Pan American flight 103 in Scotland which claimed the lives of 243 riders, 16 crew and 11 people on the land made the security regulations mandatory in all American flights winging out of the 103 airdromes in the Western Europe and Middle East. New stairss such as X-radiation or physically analyzing all the checkered luggage and besides to increase the showing of the riders. The governments argued that though it may be a waste of clip but still safety has its value. In fact all the promotions in safety through regulations and ordinances have come merely as a consequence of loss of legion lives and if farther promotions have to be made, it ca n't be done without farther loss of life. Another major air power catastrophe occurred when the American Airlines flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor vicinity of Queens, New York. The flight had merely departed the JFK international airdrome and the accident occurred when the first officer overused the rudder in response to wake turbulency from a Japan Airlines 747. It claimed the lives of all 260 people on board and besides five people on land. This was another accident caused due to human carelessness. A similar state of affairs was at that place aboard the Egypt air flight 990 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean in the international Waterss. Harmonizing to the study given by the National Transportation Safety Board, the pilot intentionally plunge the aircraft into the H2O. But the Egyptians deny this decision and say that it was a mechanical failure. Although if we look at these accidents late we can see they were largely caused by bad determinations made by worlds. So this brings up the inquiry, is it the planes or the pilots that are more unsafe? As we can see from the old paragraph, most of the crashes/accidents that happened will non go on once more as necessary safety safeguards have been made and the flights are equipped with certain new devices in order to forestall most of the accidents mentioned before. Equally far as the instance of human mistakes, the planes are fitted with machine-controlled systems wherever possible but still there are certain countries where the unreal intelligence is non plenty. Therefore it is right now non possible to take the human portion from the control of the flights. Possibly in future there may be a possibility of human less aircrafts. There are certain clangs caused due to miss of concentration of the pilots. This is when pilots with immense experience do non care much and feel overconfident. One such instance was in 2007, when two Air Patrol pilots with a sum of 53,000 hours experience crashed onto 8000-foot mountain. This happened when one of the pilots was demoing the other a presentation of the plane itself. He did non be after the path in front and did non pay concentration to the terrains in that country. This besides happens to some of the new pilots. Some of the inexperient pilots do non stay by the regulations and cause clangs. Besides distractions cause the pilots to divert from the program and may do the plane to clang. It is most frequently the sloppiness of the pilots that cause the lives of many. † Pilots sometimes skip flight planning and abbreviate checklists when they are â€Å" merely making a short hop. † ( Hopkins, 2012 )

Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies Essay

In 1887 Lord Acton wrote in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† It has often been noted that this is the primary theme in both Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies. In addition, these books share two sub-themes related to this primary theme. One sub-theme is that people will often abuse power when it’s not earned. The other is that when given the opportunity people will often degrade others to ensure their own security. Both books rely heavily on symbolism, as well as the actions of their characters, to express these ideas. Consequently, both these novels show us what a frightening place the world can become if people ignore the principles of civilization as we know it. In both books, for different reasons, the characters create their own governments, and some of them soon begin to usurp and abuse power. For example, in Animal Farm seven commandments were written on the wall, a few of them were: â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed, No animal shall kill another animal, No animal shall drink alcohol.† When one of the pigs, named Napoleon, took over he gradually changed the commandments. For instance, he changed the commandment â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal.† to, â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal without cause.† In Lord of the Flies there are several examples of characters abusing power. One of the characters, named Ralph, had originally started a democratic form of government. Two of the boys, Roger and Jack, eventually started there own form of government and took over. Jack fell in love with his new found power and became dictator to the boys. He even started a hunt to kill Ralph simply because he felt Ralph was a threat to this power. Because several of the characters in both books were insecure, they would often degrade others to improve their own security. This occurred in Animal Farm several times. For instance, there were two characters who always seemed to disagree (Snowball and Napoleon). Whatever one said the other would put it down or find something wrong with it, even if he actually agreed. Napoleon even urinated on Snowball’s plans for a windmill and ruined  them. In Lord of the Flies there are several examples of insecure characters downing others to improve their own security. For example, Roger, Jack, and even Ralph make fun of one of the other boys they call â€Å"Piggy† because he is overweight. Roger is so insecure he even kills Piggy because Piggy makes him feel threatened by contradicting his ideas and putting forth his own ideas that were sometimes better than Rogers. These books are both amazingly written and similar in several ways, but there is one major difference. The two books end with completely different views of civilization. Animal Farm ends with the animals not being able to tell the humans and the pigs apart, showing that evil had won. However, in Lord of the Flies, Ralph realizes when he sees the pig’s head (which is used to represent evil) in its pristine state, that even in all this savagery and evil some good may occur. Right after he realized this, a ship pulled up and rescued the boys. The themes of both books are true to the dark side of human nature. Golding holds out a tiny thread of hope; Orwell lets us see the bad things that could happen and leaves us to figure out how to prevent them.

Administrative and Politics Dichotomy

For many years, the political-administrative dichotomy has been one of the most disputed theories of public administration. Despite serious debates and critiques, the differences between politics and public administration have been present over the past decades. The question still remains today whether or not politics and public administration can work together for one common good-to serve the people for which hey govern.Today, politics and administration are linked in many ways. A few examples are: administrators initiate policy, administrative acts have political consequences, and administrators shape policy after the fact and civil servants are not politically neutral. Skelley, B. D. (2008) Another aspect of the administrative-political divide is the philosophical ideals in the western culture of the Greek civic-culture (political) and political-administrative relationship has been an important question for over a century now. Skelley, B. D. 008) Woodrow Wilson, in his article â⠂¬Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), wrote of how to position public administration in relation to politics. His idea is the forefront to which the idea that public administration is somehow distinct from politics. Public administration is supposed to be the instrument used or the delivery vehicle for translating policies into action, while politics is about making the policies. Demir, T. & Nyhan, R. (2008) The dichotomy is still influencing public administration due to numerous public administrators are laiming neutrality from political influences.Neutrality refers to the ability to do government work, do it to the standard that has been set, rather than to one's own standard or for other loyalties or personal gain.

Health Care Physicians In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Domestic force against adult females is an of import public wellness job. The medical practician ‘s personal value system and beliefs about domestic force can play an of import function to cover with job and supply support to battered adult females. Aim: The current survey was formulated to uncover attitude of doctors towards domestic force against adult females and factors impacting this attitude. Methods: To accomplish such purposes, a sample of 565 doctors were interviewed out of 899 doctors selected for this survey with an overall response rate of 62.8 % . The mark population for this survey was all doctors in the primary wellness attention centres in Kuwait. Consequences: The consequences of the current survey revealed that doctors tended to hold a comparatively low positive overall attitude mark towards force against adult females ( 60.75 + 13.16 % ) , with a average per centum mark of 42.36 + 15.37 % for relationship between spouses domain, 75.73 + 21.80 % for good grounds to hit married womans domain, and 58.39 + 17.11 % for direction of domestic force sphere. Female doctors tended to hold a higher positive attitude mark than males ( 62.9 + 13.36 % compared with 58.3 + 12.52 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) every bit good as for each attitude sphere. Years spent at the current occupation negatively correlated with the entire attitude mark of doctors towards domestic force against adult females. Decision: There is a great demand to better attitude of doctors about domestic force, particularly against adult females through decently planned preparation plans so that a better medical attention and support of beat-up adult females can be achieved. Cardinal words: Domestic – force – Women – Physicians-AttitudeIntroductionGender-based force is widely recognized as an of import public wellness job, both because of the acute morbidity and mortality associated with assault and its longer-term impact on adult females ‘s wellness, including chronic hurting, gynecologic jobs, sexually-transmitted diseases, depression, post-traumatic emphasis upsets, and self-destruction. ( 1-3 ) Abused adult females who have hapless physical and mental wellness suffer more hurts and utilize more medical resources than non-abused adult females. ( 1,2,4 ) Health attention establishments can do important parts to turn toing force against adult females by back uping both doctors and victims. ( 3 ) Health attention workers can play an indispensable function to cover with this wellness job through proper direction of beat-up adult females and supplying full support. However, wellness attention workers might portion the same cultural norms and biass with victims or culprits of interpersonal force, which would impact their professional attitudes. Furthermore, some doctors might believe that interpersonal force is a private household affair and non a wellness issue. In add-on, while the happenings allocated to this field are unequal, some wellness attention workers might experience despairing, taking them to professional reluctance. ( 4-6 ) Thus the following survey was formulated to accomplish the undermentioned aims: Estimate attitude of doctors towards domestic force ( DV ) against adult females and Reveal factors impacting attitude of do ctors about domestic force against adult females.MethodsAn experimental cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this survey. The survey was carried out in the primary wellness attention centres in Kuwait. All doctors available during the field work of the survey in the primary wellness attention centres were the mark population of this survey. A sum of 78 wellness centres are distributed over five wellness territories in Kuwait. The entire figure of doctors was 899 ; out of these, merely 565 agreed to portion in the survey with a response rate of 62.8 % . The survey covered the period January to August 2010. Data were collected over three months get downing from the May to July, 2010. Datas of this survey was collected through a specially designed self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire consisted of several subdivisions. The first subdivision dealt with socio-demographic features, including age, sex, figure of old ages in pattern, educational making, current occupation, old ages at current work and wage. Three inquiries dealt with prevalence of force ; one in Kuwait, one in other Arab states and the last one dealt with prevalence overall the universe. The attitude graduated table consisted of 18 inquiries covering three sub-domains. The first sub-domain dealt with the relationship between spouses and consisted of 6 inquiries, while the 2nd sub-domain the hitting married womans by their hubbies and formed of 8 inquiries, the last sub-domain dealt with direction of DV and consisted of three inquiries. The causes of DV consisted of 14 inquiries ; of these five covered the single features of culprit, two covered the relationship, three dealt with the commu nity factors, and 4 inquiries reflected the social factors including traditions, civilization and wonts. Another subdivision of the interviewing questionnaire covered the expected result of domestic force. This portion consisted of 34 inquiries classified as follows: physical wellness ( 6 inquiries ) , chronic conditions ( 5 inquiries ) , mental wellness ( 8 inquiries ) , negative wellness behaviour ( 5 inquiries ) , generative wellness ( 7 inquiries ) , and fatal result ( 3 inquiries ) . A pilot survey was carried out on 30 doctors ( non included in the concluding survey ) . This survey was formulated with the following aims: prove the lucidity, pertinence of the survey tools, accommodate the purpose of the work to existent feasibleness, place the troubles that may be faced during the application, every bit good as survey all the processs and activities of the administrative facets. Besides, the clip of finishing the questionnaire was estimated during this pilot survey to be 10 proceedingss. The necessary alterations harmonizing to the consequences obtained were done, so some statements were reworded. Besides, the construction of the questionnaire sheet was reformatted to ease informations aggregation. A pre-coded sheet was used. All inquiries were coded before informations aggregation. This facilitates both informations entry and confirmation every bit good as reduces the chance of mistakes during informations entry. Datas were fed to the computing machine straight from the questionnaire without an intermediate informations transportation sheets. The Excel plan was used for informations entry. A file for informations entry was prepared and structured harmonizing to the variables in the questionnaire. After informations were fed to the Excel plan ; several methods were used to verify informations entry. These methods included the followers: simple frequence, cross-tabulation, every bit good as manual alteration of entered informations. Percentage mark was calculated for the entire attitude mark every bit good as for each sphere of attitude. Before ciphering the amount of mark ; the mark of negative inquiries was reversed. The per centum mark was calculated as follows: amount of mar k X 100 / figure of points. The amount was treated to give a scope of 100 % with a lower limit of nothing and a upper limit of 100.Statistical analysis:Before analysis ; informations were imported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) which was used for both informations analysis and tabular presentation. Descriptive ( count, per centum, lower limit, upper limit, arithmetic mean, average and standard divergence ) and analytic steps ( Mann Whitney Z trial and Spearman correlativity coefficient ) were utilized. The degree of significance selected for this survey was P ? 0.05. All the necessary blessings for transporting out the research were obtained. The Ethical Committee of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health approved the research. A written format explicating the intent of the research was prepared and signed by the doctor before get downing the interview. In add-on, the intent and importance of the research were discussed with the manager of the wellness centre.ConsequenceTable I portrays socio-demographic features of studied doctors. Females constituted 53.1 % of the studied sample while the remainder were males ( 46.9 % ) with an mean age of 39.95 + 9.07 old ages and an norm of 13.04 + 8.42 old ages at the current occupation. Kuwaiti doctors constituted 43.2 % of the entire sample while 51.5 % were other Arab doctors. The bulk were married ( 87.3 % ) while the remainder were presently individual ( 3.0 % divorced or widow and 9.7 % ne'er married before ) . Out of the entire sample, 89.2 % were working as a registrar, while the remainder ( 10.8 % ) were ei ther specializers or advisers. Those keeping a unmarried man grade constituted 31.7 % , while the bulk ( 68.3 % ) were keeping a higher educational certification. The wage for the bulk of doctors ( 82.1 % ) was more than 1000 KD. Table II shows perceptual experience of doctors about prevalence of DV against adult females in Kuwait, other Arab states and worldwide. Doctors tended to gauge lower prevalence of domestic force in Kuwait than other Arab states or worldwide as 43.8 % of them stated that domestic force against adult females is more than 20 % while 69 % and 58.8 % stated the same prevalence in other Arab states and worldwide severally. Table III demonstrates attitude of doctors towards DV against adult females. The highest average per centum mark ( 75.73 + 21.80 % ) was that for attitude sphere two covering with striking of married womans in different fortunes, followed by sphere three covering with proper direction of DV ( 58.39 + 17.11 % ) . Relationship between spouses ( domain one ) came on the underside of the list with a mean of 42.36 + 15.37 % . The overall attitude average per centum mark was 60.75 + 13.16 % with a average per centum mark of 61.1 % . Table IV shows the relationship between attitude towards DV and socio-demographic features of doctors. Female doctors tended to hold a significantly higher average per centum tonss than males for relationship sphere ( 45.1 + 15.53 compared with 39.3 + 14.62 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) , hitting sphere ( 77.9 + 22.16 compared with 73.3 + 21.15 % , P = 0.001 ) , every bit good as the direction sphere ( 59.6 + 17.07 compared with 59.6 + 17.07 % , P = 0.044 ) . Overall, female doctors had a significantly higher attitude score than male doctors ( 62.9 + 13.36 compared with 58.3 + 12.52 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) . Kuwaiti doctors had a significantly higher mark than non-Kuwaiti for the relationship sphere ( 44.4 + 15.31 compared with 40.8 + 15.26 % , P = 0.007 ) , while no important differences were noticed between them with respect to other spheres. Job of the doctor significantly impacted merely on hitting attitude sphere where specializer doctors had a higher average per centum mark ( 82.5 + 16.96 % ) than registrar doctors ( 74.9 + 22.19 % , P = 0.015 ) . Marital position and degree of instruction did non hold any important impact on the different spheres of doctors ‘ attitude towards DV against adult females. A negative correlativity was found between continuance at work in old ages from one side and the overall attitude mark on the other side, ( R = -0.115 ) . Table I: Socio-demographic features of doctorsFictional characterNumber%AgeMin-Max 24.0 – 65 Mean + SD 39.95 + 9.07Sexual activityMale 265 46.9 Female 300 53.1NationalityKuwaiti 244 43.2 Arab 291 51.5 Non Arab 30 5.3Marital positionSingle 55 9.7 Married 493 87.3 Divorced / Widowed 17 3.0QualificationBachelor grade 179 31.7 Master/PhD/Board 386 68.3OccupationRegistrar 504 89.2 Specialist 61 10.8Old ages at workMin-Max 0.1 – 40 Mean + SD 13.04 + 8.42Income ( KD )& A ; lt ; 1000 101 17.9 1000 – 239 42.3 & A ; gt ; 1500 225 39.8 Table II: Percept of doctors about prevalence of domestic force in Kuwait, Arab states and worldwide Prevalence of Domestic force& A ; lt ; 1 %1-5 %6-10 %11-20 %21-30 %& A ; gt ; 30 %Kuwait ( n=484 ) 11 ( 2.3 ) 31 ( 6.4 ) 94 ( 19.4 ) 136 ( 28.1 ) 115 ( 23.8 ) 97 ( 20.0 ) Other Arab states ( n=480 ) 5 ( 1.0 ) 12 ( 2.5 ) 47 ( 9.8 ) 85 ( 17.7 ) 180 ( 37.5 ) 151 ( 31.5 ) Worldwide ( n=469 ) 4 ( 0.9 ) 36 ( 7.7 ) 53 ( 11.3 ) 100 ( 21.3 ) 114 ( 24.3 ) 162 ( 34.5 ) Datas are presented as figure ( % ) Table Three: Attitude of doctors towards domestic forceAttitude sphereStronglydisagreeDisagreeImpersonalAgreeStrongly holdRelationship between spouses ( A1 )A good married woman obeys her hubby even if she disagrees 32 ( 5.7 ) 92 ( 16.3 ) 134 ( 23.7 ) 201 ( 35.6 ) 106 ( 18.8 ) Family jobs should merely be discussed with people in the household 15 ( 2.7 ) 57 ( 10.1 ) 70 ( 12.4 ) 232 ( 41.1 ) 191 ( 33.8 ) It is of import for a adult male to demo his married woman who is the foreman 38 ( 6.7 ) 88 ( 15.6 ) 103 ( 18.2 ) 225 ( 39.8 ) 111 ( 19.6 ) A adult female should be able to take her ain friends even if her hubby disagrees 75 ( 13.3 ) 177 ( 31.3 ) 141 ( 25.0 ) 119 ( 21.1 ) 53 ( 9.4 ) It is a married woman ‘s duty to hold sex with her hubby even if she does non experience like it 102 ( 18.1 ) 154 ( 27.3 ) 147 ( 26.0 ) 114 ( 20.2 ) 48 ( 8.5 ) If a adult male mistreats his married woman, others outside of the household should step in 108 ( 19.1 ) 118 ( 20.9 ) 103 ( 18.2 ) 153 ( 27.1 ) 83 ( 14.7 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 0.0 – 87.5 ) 42.36 + 15.37 [ 41.7 ]A adult male have a good ground to hit his married woman if ( A2 ) :She does non finish her family work to his satisfaction 367 ( 65.0 ) 147 ( 26.0 ) 22 ( 3.9 ) 15 ( 2.7 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) She disobeys him 266 ( 47.1 ) 175 ( 31.0 ) 53 ( 9.4 ) 44 ( 7.8 ) 27 ( 4.8 ) She refuse to hold sexual relation with him 316 ( 55.9 ) 164 ( 29.0 ) 51 ( 9.0 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) 20 ( 3.5 ) She asks him whether he has other miss friends 331 ( 58.6 ) 159 ( 28.1 ) 45 ( 8.0 ) 16 ( 2.8 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) He suspects that she is unfaithful 274 ( 48.5 ) 170 ( 30.1 ) 72 ( 12.7 ) 29 ( 5.1 ) 20 ( 3.5 ) He finds out that she has been unfaithful 183 ( 32.4 ) 91 ( 16.1 ) 79 ( 14.0 ) 130 ( 23.0 ) 82 ( 14.5 ) She exposes hubby failings 237 ( 41.9 ) 137 ( 24.2 ) 86 ( 15.2 ) 61 ( 10.8 ) 44 ( 7.8 ) She lies to her hubby 210 ( 37.2 ) 154 ( 27.3 ) 87 ( 15.4 ) 66 ( 11.7 ) 48 ( 8.5 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 0.0 – 100.0 ) 75.73 + 21.80 [ 78.1 ]direction of domestic force ( A3 )Womans who experienced physical force must take professional aid 9 ( 1.6 ) 16 ( 2.8 ) 32 ( 5.7 ) 283 ( 50.1 ) 225 ( 39.8 ) Health professionals can non assist domestic force victims, as they will return to the same societal environment 75 ( 13.3 ) 161 ( 28.5 ) 92 ( 16.3 ) 152 ( 26.9 ) 85 ( 15.0 ) Domestic force is a private issue, and patients are ashamed to speak about it 36 ( 6.4 ) 80 ( 14.2 ) 60 ( 10.6 ) 281 ( 49.7 ) 108 ( 19.1 ) Covering with domestic force agencies interfering with privateness of the household 155 ( 27.4 ) 233 ( 41.2 ) 86 ( 15.2 ) 55 ( 9.7 ) 36 ( 6.4 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 6.3 – 100.0 ) 58.39 + 17.11 [ 56.3 ] ( A ) Entire Attitude Score ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 18.1 – 91.7 ) 60.75 + 13.16 [ 61.1 ] Datas are presented as figure ( natural % ) Table Four: Relation between attitude sphere tonss ( average + SD ) and socio-demographic features of doctorsCharacteristicAttitude DomainEntire mark( A )Relationship( A1 )Hiting( A2 )Management ( A3 )Sexual activityMale 39.3 + 14.6 73.3 + 21.2 56.9 + 17.1 58.3 + 12.5 Female 45.1 + 15.5 77.9 + 22.2 59.6 + 17.1 62.9 + 13.4 Phosphorus & A ; lt ; 0.001* 0.001* 0.044* & A ; lt ; 0.001*NationalityKuwaiti 44.4 + 15.3 76.4 + 21.7 59.5 + 16.3 61.9 + 13.3 Non Kuwaiti 40.8 + 15.3 75.2 + 21. 9 57.5 + 17.7 59.8 + 13.0 Phosphorus 0.007* 0.540 0.0501 0.060Marital StatusSingle 42.3 + 15.5 75.5 + 22.7 59.2 + 18.3 60.8 + 13.62 Married 42.4 + 15.4 75.8 + 21.7 58.3 + 16.9 60.7 + 13.11 Phosphorus 0.899 0.991 0.659 0.871EducationBachelor 41.4 + 13.4 77.5 + 21.6 57.9 + 16.3 61.1 + 12.10 Higher 42.8 + 16.2 74.9 + 21.9 58.6 + 17.5 60.6 + 13.64 Phosphorus 0.378 0.169 0.769 0.712OccupationRegistrar 42.3 + 15.3 74.9 + 22.2 58.1 + 17.4 60.3 + 13.3 Specialist 43.1 + 16.1 82.5 + 17.0 60.6 + 14.3 64.5 + 11.6 Phosphorus 0.695 0.015* 0.172 0.034*Age ( R )-0.065 -0.019 -0.040 -0.053Old ages at work ( R )-0.054 -0.106* -0.043 -0.115* * Significant, P & A ; lt ; 0.05. R = Spearman correlativity coefficientDiscussionDV is a major societal and medical job. It occurs in all states irrespective of societal, economic, cultural or spiritual values. Battered adult females seek aid in the wellness attention installations due to both physical and psychological harm that they suffer due to the force they experience. ( 7,8 ) The medical practicians ‘ personal value system and beliefs about DV can play an of import function. A survey in an exigency section in Hong Kong reported that the physicians found it hard to optimally pull off victims of DV because of the belief in the importance of keeping household integrity and that DV is a private issue. ( 9 ) Fewer physicians were found to test for DV believing that intercession is less successful than for other behavioral hazards such as smoke. ( 10 ) It seems that a positive attitude towards DV can play a important function for both diagnosis and pull offing medical results of force. Thus the current research was formulated to uncover attitude of primary wellness attention physicians towards force against adult females and identify factors impacting spheres of attitude. To accomplish these aims ; 565 primary wellness attention doctors were interviewed utilizing a specially designed questionnaire. The consequences of this survey revealed that more than half the doctors were married ( 87.3 % ) , Non-Kuwait ( 56.8 % ) , females ( 53.1 % ) with an mean age of 39.95 + 9.07 old ages and spent 13.04 + 8.42 old ages, on the norm, at the current occupation. Doctors tended to describe lower prevalence of DV against adult females in Kuwait followed, while they stated high rates in the other Arab states with an intermediate figure for world-wide prevalence. Other surveies, besides revealed that consciousness of primary doctors about the prevalence of DV is hapless. ( 11-15 ) A multi-country survey carried out by WHO showed that 15 – 71 % of adult females experient physical and / or sexual force by an intimate spouse at some point in their lives. ( 16 ) Another survey carried out on American Indian adult females revealed a figure every bit high as 80 % . ( 8 ) The differences among these surveies might be attributed to the nature of the job itself as some adult females tend to hide the event and prefer non coverage. Besides, the disagreement in force definition every bit good as the adoptive attack for gauging force happening whether one-year or life clip happening might explicate the differences of domestic force prevalence among these surveies. The consequences of the current survey besides revealed that doctors tended to hold a comparatively low positive overall attitude mark towards force against adult females ( 60.75 + 13.16 % ) , with a average per centum mark of 42.36 + 15.37 % for relationship between spouses domain, 75.73 + 21.80 % for good grounds to hit married womans domain, and 58.39 + 17.11 % for direction of domestic force sphere. This low mark can be attributed to cultural and social values in eastern states, as doctors themselves are the merchandises of the current cultural tradition. ( 17 ) Besides, hapless cognition and deficient preparation can be behind this low positive attitude. ( 18-22 ) Absence of clear guidelines to cover with DV at the degree of the primary wellness attention centres and inaccessibility of specific intervention prescription can besides significantly lend to this low attitude. ( 23 ) Low attitude of primary wellness attention physicians towards DV can sabotage their abilities to name and decently manage battered adult females, particularly with respect to implementing suited intercession steps. Female doctors tended to hold a higher positive mark on all the studied attitude spheres. Female doctors were reported to province the most positive encouraging attitude towards DV against adult females when compared with male doctors. ( 24 ) Rose and Saunders suggested that female suppliers may hold more empathetic attitudes towards victims of interpersonal force. ( 25 ) Besides, there is an increasing research demoing that preventative attention services for females rendered by female professionals increases the acceptableness and efficiency of medical services. ( 26,27 ) Besides Kuwaiti doctors had a significantly higher positive attitude for relationship between spouses than the non-Kuwaiti doctors. Old ages spent at current work were significantly negatively correlated with striking of adult females sphere and the entire attitude mark, bespeaking that with addition in old ages at work there is an attach toing lessening in the specified attitude spheres. However, matrimonial posi tion and degree of instruction, and age did non demo any important relation with the attitude domains. Education did non turn out to alter the attitude toward domestic force. ( 28 ) Some surveies did non demo any important relationship between attitude toward interpersonal force from one side and business, old ages of employment, and matrimonial position on the other side. ( 24 ) Empathic and emotionally supportive behaviour of doctors will promote beat-up adult females to unwrap the force they suffered. This can ensue in supplying a high quality attention services and guarantee efficient use of the available resources to cover with force. Plans for preparation of doctors to beef up their cognition, attitude and pattern towards domestic force against adult females are needed in Kuwait to better the medical services administered to buffet adult females